41 Education Study Program of Sanata Dharma Yogyakarta. The teachers were
chosen since they would be the user of the designed materials, then they could give their opinions on the designed materials. The English lecturers of English
Language Education Study Program of Sanata Dharma University were chosen due to their experience and expertise in English language teaching. The lecturers
were also expected to give their comments and suggestions on the designed materials. Thus, the comments and suggestions from teachers and lecturers would
be useful to improve and revise the designed materials. The description of participants in preliminary field testing is presented in Table 3.1
Table 3.1 The Description of Expert and User Validation Questionnaire Participants Blank
Participants Educational
Background Teaching Experience
Sex D3 S1 S2 S3 1 1-5 5-10 10 T F
Teachers Lecturers
D. Instruments and Data Gathering Technique
In order to gather information, the writer utilized questionnaires and an interview as the instruments in this study. Interview was conducted to identify the
problems. Meanwhile, the questionnaires were distributed to collect the data on students’ characteristics and to evaluate the designed materials.
1. Interview
To identify the problems in the learning process, the writer interviewed one English teacher in SMK Marsudi Luhur 1 Yogyakarta. According to Borg and
Gall 2007” interview is oral questions asked by the interviewer and oral
42 responses by the research participant” p. 228. The purpose of interviewing the
research participants is to find out what is on their mind, what they think, or how they feel related to the questions Fraenkel Wallen , 2006, p. 455. The most
advantage of interview is the response from the interviewee rate is high, perhaps 90 percents or better Ary, et al., 2010, p.380.
There are four types of interviews: structured, semi-structured, informal, and retrospective. In this study, the writer conducted informal interview was done
in casual conversations of both the interviewer and the interviewee. The informal interview is focused to find out what people think and the personal opinion
Fraenkel Wallen, 2006, p. 456. By conducting the interview, the writer had an opportunity to observe the
responses from the interviewee. The writer could ask for further information when information given by the interviewee was unclear. Thus, the writer utilized the
interview. The questions of interview guidelines were related to learning strategy used by the teacher, characteristics of the students, and students’ needs in learning
process.
2. Questionnaire
In order to collect data from the students in short period of time, then the writer utilized questionnaire. According to Johnson and Christensen 2012,“a
questionnaire is a self-report data-collection instrument that each research participant fills out as a part of a research study” pp. 162-163. The purpose of
using questionnaire is to obtain information about the thought, attitudes, beliefs, values, perceptions, personality, and behavioral intentions of research participants
