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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Place and Time of the Research
This research was conducted at SMPN 2 Tangerang Selatan which is located at Cirendeu Raya No.2 Ciputat Timur Kota Tangerang Selatan 15419. The writer has
done the research from January 20
th
2014 until February 7
th
2014. She did the research for four meetings and each meeting is about 2 hours.
B. Method and Design of the Research
In this research, the method that was used is quantitative method in the design quasi-experiment. The writer used quasi-experiment as the design of the research to
see the effectiveness of numbered heads together to improve students’ reading ability
on descriptive text. As stated by Muijs that, “quasi-experimental research is
especially suited to looking at the effects of an educational invention, such as a school improvement program, a project to improve a specific element.”
1
Also, Wiersma and Jurs stated that, “a quasi-experiment is an approximation of a true experiment that
uses groups that have not been formed randomly. Such research can make valuable contributions, but it is important that the researcher be especially cautious about
interpreting and generalizing result.”
2
The purpose of this method is to determine cause and effect.
3
To conduct this research, the writer took two classes of the second grade students of Junior High School on the second semester as the experiement class and controlled
class to see the effectiveness of numbered heads together by looking pre-test and
1
Daniel Muijs, Doing Quantitative Research in Education, London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2004, p.27.
2
William Wiersma and Stephen G. Jurs, Research Methods in Education 9
th
ed, America: Pearson International Edition, 2009, p.165.
3
James H. McMillan, Sally Schumacher, Research in Education Evidence-Based Inquiry 6
th
ed, Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2006, p.24.
post-test measurement and comparing the gained scores between both classes. The effectiveness can be seen from the improvement of students’ score of experiment
classs in post test after they had been given some treatments and from the comparation of both classes. The experiment class was given the technique by using
numbered heads together and the controlled class without numbered heads together.
C. Population and Sample
The population of this research is the entire students of the eight grade of SMPN 2 Tangerang Selatan. There are 360 eight grade students that divide into nine classes
from VIII.1 to VIII.9. Each class consists of 40 students. Because there are many eight grade students at this school, it is not possible if the researcher take all the
students as the samples. She used purposeful sampling in taking samples. McMillan stated that:
Purposeful sampling refers the selecting particular elements from the population that will be representative or informative about the topic of
interest. In quantitative studies, the emphasis is more on relying on the judgment of the researcher to select a sample that is representative of the
population or that includes subjects with needed characteristics.
4
In another word, purposeful sampling is the sampling technique which the researcher chooses some samples from many samples at the population that
appropriate with her research. The researcher has already done the pre-test to the nine classes to seek two classes which have equal ability and reading score. From that pre
– test, the researcher obtained samples are VIII.1 as the experiment class and VIII.2 as
the control class. Both VIII.1 and VIII.2 class have similar ability in reading test. There are 40 students in both classes. When the researcher did the pre
– test and post- test, there is one students in both classes who did not come in class, so the researcher
only took 39 students as the sampel.
4
McMillan,op. cit., p.126.
D. Technique of Collecting Data
In collecting data, the instrument that the researcher used is reading test about descriptive test. There are two tests, pre-test and post-test. Pre-test is used to measure
the students’ understanding in reading descriptive text before teacher used numbered heads together as teaching technique. Then, post-test is used when the treatment had
been done. It is to find out the influence of numbered heads together technique that the researcher used in teaching reading descriptive text in experiment class. She
wants to know whether the numbered heads together technique effective or not in improving
students’ reading ability in descriptive text. There are 20 items of multiple
choices in reading test. Both experiment and control classes were given the same test.
E. Internal Validity Control
The instrument of this research is a test. Before the researcher used this instrument to the students as the sample of the research, she tested the instrument to
the eight grade students of SMP Muhamadiyah 17 Rempoa. She tested the VIII B class. In this class, there are 30 students but 5 students were sick. So there only 25
students who did the validity test. The instrument used for pretest and posttest. This step is needed to see the validity of this instrument before it will be applied to the
sample of research. The researcher analyzed this instrument to know the validity by using the formula
of item analysis in test. The validity could be seen from the result of calculation in index of difficulty ID and discriminating power DP of each answer of question.
After the researcher analyzed the calculation of this test, there were 10 itemswere poor, 10 items were mediocre and 10 items were excellent. In order to make the
researcher easier to calculate the data, she eliminated 10 items of poor questions and revised10 items of mediocre questions. So, the final pretest and posttest used in this
research was a test consisted of 20 items of multiple choice about descriptive text.
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