c. The Characteristics of Cooperative Learning Model
Millis 1996 outlines five characteristics typical of cooperative learning: 1
Students’ work together in small groups containing two to five members; 2
Students’ work together on common tasks or learning activities that are best handled through group work;
3 Students’ use cooperative, pro-social behavior to accomplish their
common tasks or learning activities; 4
Students’ are positively interdependent and activities are structured so that students’ need each other to accomplish their common tasks or learning
activities; and 5
Students’ are individually accountable or responsible for their work or learning.
d. The Elements of Cooperative Learning Model
Roger and David Johnson 1991 True cooperative learning has 5 elements that prevent such problems:
1 Positive Interdependence
– The task must be structured so that members of the group sink or swim together; one member cannot succeed at the
expense of others.
2 Face to Face Interaction
– This exists when students’ assist and support one another’s efforts to learn. This occurs as students’ actively teach one
another to solve problems and understand concepts.
3 Individual Accountability
– This prevents a member from getting a free ride on the work of others and prevents low quality of work being
accepted from an individual by peers in the group.
4 Social Skills
– Groups improve as members learn to contribute positively, acquire trust and manage conflict. These skills are not innate; they must be
learned by the teacher and taught to the students’.
5 Group Processing
– Processing time is usually the most neglected aspect of classroom teaching. In an effort to “cover the material” we forget that
our objective is students’ learning, not just presenting material. Processing
is essential to insure understanding. Talented students’ often have learned
to do this effectively on their own; average students’ can be taught to be
more effective. If questions such as, “What was the central underlying concept of today’s class?” or, “What is the step-by-step procedure through
which we applied this concept to arrive at a successful solution?” are reviewed by the group as well as the aspects of how restating the concept
or altering the process might lead to improved understanding, then students’ leave the class with more comprehension of the material than
they would have without processing.
e. The Types of Cooperative Learning Model
Based on Slavin 2008: 11
,
There is many types of cooperative learning model as follows :
a. TAI Team Assisted Individualization b.
STAD Students’ Team Achievement Division c. Rally Table
d. Jigsaw e. NHT Numbered Heads Together
f. TGT Team Game Tournament g. GI Group Investigation
h. CIRC Cooperative Integrated Reading Composition i. TPS Think Pair Share
j. LT Learning Together k.
STL Students’ Team Learning l. TSTS Two Stay Two Stray
f. Cooperative Learning Model Type Two Stay Two Stray
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