that it designed to account for how language is used. Everything that is written or spoken has shaped the system. Language has developed to fulfill human needs
and it organized by functions to these needs. Functional grammar is purely ‘natural’ grammar that everything explains with reference to how language is
used. Halliday developed a theory of the fundamental functions of language, in
which he analyzed lexico-grammar into three broad metafunctions: ideational, interpersonal, and textual. Each of the three metafunctions is about a different
aspect of the world, and is concerned with a different mode of meaning of clauses. The ideational metafunction is about the natural world in the broadest sense,
including our own consciousness, and is concerned with clauses as representations. The interpersonal metafunction is about the social world,
especially the relationship between speaker and hearer, and is concerned with clauses as exchanges. The textual metafunction is about the verbal world,
especially the flow of information in a text, and is concerned with clauses as messages.
2.1.3.1 Ideational Function and Meaning
The ideational function is one of the metafunctions in SFG that concerns the processes, participants, and circumstances found in the clause. Halliday 2004
defines that the ideational function is the function that the speaker or writer embodies language in his experience of the phenomena of the real world. This
function also includes the language user‘s experience of the internal world of his PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
consciousness through his reactions, cognitions, and perceptions, and also his linguistic acts of speaking and understanding Halliday, 2004. Zhuanglin as
cited in Wang 2010 adds that the ideational function not only specifies the available options in meanings but also determines the nature of their structural
realizations. In order to analyze the ideational function, transitivity is the appropriate tool
to conduct. Transitivity aims at identifying the participants or things that are involved, the actions and event taking place, and any relevant surrounding
circumstances Morley cited in Wang 2010. In the transitivity system, the meaningful grammatical unit is the clause since it expresses what is happening,
what is being done, what is felt and what the state is and so on Wang, 2010. In this system, the meaningful grammatical unit is clause, which expresses what’s
happening, what’s being done, what’s felt and what the state is and so on Cheng Yumin, in Wang 2010.
Transitivity system specifies the different types of processes that recognized in the language and the structures by which they are expressed Halliday, 1985.
He also asserts that the semantic categories explain how the real world represented as linguistic structures are the concepts of process, participants and
circumstances. Eggins 2004 asserts that in analyzing transitivity structure, there are aspects of clause that need to be considered: the selection of a process, the
selection of participants, and the selection of circumstances. The term, ‘process’ refers to the doing, happening and being. ‘Participants’
are the entities involved in every process and ‘circumstances’ refers to certain PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
conditions associated with a process. Process, participant and circumstance generally realize in the verbal group, nominal group and adverbial group or
prepositional phrases of clause, respectively Halliday, 1985. The processes consist of six processes are 1 material processes, 2 mental
processes, 3 relational processes, 4 behavioral processes, 5 verbal processes and 6 existential processes. In this research, the analysis is limited to the
material processes and relational processes as the main transitivity processes and the mental processes, verbal processes and existential processes as the supported
transitivity processes. Material processes are processes about doing and happening. The doing is
about what does X do? i.e. ‘She unlocked the door’. While the happening refers to what does happen to X? i.e. ‘The kid sits down’. This is what Gerot and Wignell
1994 called as dispositive type and the other type is creative type; the goal brought about by the process, i.e. ‘J.K. Rowling wrote Harry Potter’. Those two
types presented as two varieties of material process. Still about material processes, the clauses consists of an action process, a doer participants: actor and goal
and circumstantial. The process is marked as verb; transitive and intransitive. This type of verb
determines the numbers of participants. If the verb is transitive, thus the participant is more than one. i.e. ‘The woman wrapped the present’. The
participant is single if the verb is intransitive. i.e. ‘The man comes’. Moreover, the process can be both active voice, i.e. ‘A Fisherman caught the lobster’ and passive
voice. i.e. ‘The lobster was caught by the man’. For passive voice, the position of PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
participant is changed; goal comes first before actor. The single participant may also exist in the passive voice, i.e. ‘The song has been composed’.
There are two or more participants in material process clauses. Gerot and Wignell 1994 divide the participant as ‘actor’; one who does an action, and
‘goal’; the affected or the one that are being done to another participant. Downing and Locke 2006 called the actor as ‘the agent’; an entity that can control the
action that brings some changes in itself or others while the goal is as ‘affected’; the entity affected by the action. The other term is ‘patient’. The agent are
typically animate while the non-controlling inanimate is categorized as ‘force’. Halliday in Eggins 2004 adds two more participants namely ‘range’ and
‘beneficiary’. Range or also called as scope consists of ‘cognate’; a restatement or continuation of the process itself, i.e. ‘The girls do a dance’ and ‘non-cognate’;
the extent of the process, i.e. ‘Gerard plays football’. Beneficiary consists of ‘recipient’; the one to whom something is given, i.e. ‘Sarah gives Jane the gloves’
and ‘client’ the one for whom something is done, i.e. ‘The postman brings me the envelope’.
The last element in material processes is ‘circumstantial’. The element is not too obliged as not all clauses have it. Halliday in Eggins 2004 classified the
circumstantial into some types. First is the circumstance of extent; duration and spatial distance, i.e. ‘35 minutes and all day’. Second is circumstance of location;
temporal and spatial, i.e. ‘on the Sunday morning’ and ‘to the college’. Manner; means, quality and comparison, i.e. ‘by train’, ‘carefully’ and ‘unlike his twin’
