6
II. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REVIEW
A. Cassava and Tapioca Industry 1. Dissemination of Cassava and Tapioca
The manioc Cassava : Maniohot esculenta Crantz is a native of Central America which only in the tropics is flourish, and it was taken by Spaniards and
Portuguese to Africa and Asia. It had not been grown successfully on a large scale in the southern part of United State. It was transported from Brazil to Jawa,
Singapore and Malaysia around 1850. During the greater part of the 1919-1941, about 98 of the production of tapioca flour was in Jawa in where the plant was
generally referred to as cassava and the starch as tapioca flour. Before the Japanese invasion during World War II, there were three large
European estates and one Chinese estate in Jawa growing cassava and exporting tapioca starch and food tapioca. These estates were large and well equipped
factory then worked up the roots to yield a fine quality of starch. The quality of starch from Jawa was superior to that from Brazil.
There were also many small Chinese and Javanese factories making cassava flour and manioc foods. During 1937 and 1938, about 180,000 ton of
tapioca were imported into the United States, valued at about 8,000,000, 97 being from Indonesia. These large quantities were imported because of short corn
in the United States during 1936 and 1937. In 1939, 172,000 ton of high quality tapioca starch were imported almost entirely from Jawa into the United States. By
1942 this supply was entirely cut off by World War II Brautlecht, 1953.
2. Cassava Variety and Tuber
Thus, cassava has been widely cultivated in Indonesia since it had transferred from Central America at around 1850 serving for food and raw
material of starch. Many efforts had been paid to improve variety propagation and its quality needed by customer. In Indonesia, there were many varieties developed
based on the foreign variety propagation as shown Table 1 Rakmana, 1997. The roots start to grow and bulk about 3 months after planting and
continue to increase in weight until 9 months to 15 months after planting when the crop is usually harvested. During 75 of its growth period it accumulates
carbohydrate. The tuber is consisting of the outer peel skin, the sub-periderm
7 rind, and core. The sub-periderm, usually 2 to 3 mm thick, contains 50 of the
starch as the core of the tuber does and it also contains most of the hydrocyanic acid HCN, which cause some discoloring of the starch. In large factories, only
outer skin or corky layer is removed as it is profitable to recover the starch from rind, which represents about 8 to 15 of the total root by weight Balagopalan,
1988 and Barrett, 1987. Table 1 Varieties developed in Indonesia
No. Variety
Productivity tonha
Carbohydrate HCN
mg Hedonic Taste
1 Valenca
20 -
39 Tasty
2 Mangi
20 30 – 37
30 Tasty
3 Betawi
20 – 30 -
30 Tasty
4 Basiorao
30 31.2
80 Rather bitter
5 Bogor
40 30.9
100 Bitter
6 SPP
20 – 25 27.0
150 Rather bitter
7 Muara
40 26.9
100 Bitter
8 Mentega
20 26.0
32 Tasty
9 Adira 1
20 – 35 45.2
27.5 Tasty
10 Gading
20 – 30 36.0
31.4 Tasty
11 Adira 2
20 – 35 40.8
123.7 Tasty
12 Malang 1
36.6 32 – 36
- Tasty
13 Malang 2
31.5 32 – 36
- Tasty
14 Adira 4
35.0 18 - 22
- Rather bitter
Source: Rakmana 1997
3. Tapioca Industry in Indonesia
According to the manufacturing industry directory, there are 146 tapioca industries registered in Indonesia in 2003. The industries are mostly situated in
Jawa Timor, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Barat, and Lampung with around 91 out of the total number of tapioca industries. Basing upon the classification category of
industry scale designated by BPS, these 146 tapioca industries are summarized as shown in Table 2. The large tapioca industries are located in Lampung, Jawa
Tengah, and Jawa Timor. In Jawa Barat there isn’t any large industry and all of them are a medium scale tapioca industry in which employs 30 to 50 people BPS,
2004.
8 This directory indicates that there is no small industry of tapioca flour
processing, but according to the department of industry and trade of Bogor regency, there are 7 tapioca flour industries of which capacity varies from 30 to
5,000 ton per year. Table 2 Number of tapioca industry in Indonesia
Type of Industry
Employee
Small Industry
5–19
Medium Industry
20–99
Large Industry
100 over
Total East Jawa Jawa Timur
8 4
12 Central Jawa Jawa Tengah
45 6
51 WestJawa Jawa Barat
31 31
Lampung 22
14 39
North Sumatera Sumatera Utara 6
2 8
West Sumatera Sumatera Barat 1
1 South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan
1 1
2 North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara
1 1
Riau 1
1 Total
115 28
146
Source: BPS 2004
4. Processing of Cassava