implementation. The data consist of observation sheets reported in the form of field notes and interview transcripts, which were gained by conducting
observation and interviews, respectively. In relation to the quantitative data, the data quantify improvements in students’ reading comprehension ability. The data
are presented in the form of students’ reading comprehension scores obtained by
conducting reading-comprehension tests. In relation to these two types of data, a camera was also utilized to document the research process through photographs in
order to provide a clearer picture of the research process. Table 2 below presents the data collection techniques and instruments that the researcher utilized to
obtain those data above.
Table 3: Data, Data Collection Techniques and Instruments No.
Data Technique
Instrument a. Qualitative Data
1. Field notes reporting the teaching
and learning process which focused on teacher’s activities and students’
activities Observation
Observation Sheets
2. Interview transcripts on the research
members’ opinions and expectations concerning
the research
administered Interviews
Interview Guidelines
b. Quantitative Data
1. S
tudents’ reading comprehension scores for the pre-test and the post-
tests Tests
Reading Comprehension
Tests pre-test and post-tests
1. Observation
Observation was conducted in order to examine what happen in the classroom during the implementation of the action in the action stage. To do this,
the teacher collaborator sat at the back, observing, and completing observation
sheets on teaching-learning activities each meeting during the agreed period of the action implementation in class. There were two types of observation sheets, each
to observe the teacher’s activities and the students’ activities. The results of the observation were reported in the form of field notes.
2. Interviews
Semi-structured interviews were conducted to reveal opinions and expectations of the research members concerning the research conduct. These
interviews were conducted following interview guidelines prepared to interview the students and the teacher collaborator. The interviews were conducted before
the implementation of the action in the planning stage, during the implementation of the action at the observation stage each day after the class meeting ended, and
after the action had been completely implemented. The data obtained were then recorded in interview transcripts.
Mirtler 2012 regards this type of interview as the best interview technique since it provides the interviewer with flexibility to deepen information related to
the topic of the interview from the interviewees. In addition, McKay 2006 inserts that one way t
o avoid the problems arising from students’ lack of English proficiency is to allow them to be interviewed in their first language L1. Hence,
the researcher conducted the interviews in Indonesian.
3. Tests
