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E. Data Analysis Technique
In order to complete the data analysis, the researcher used some steps which were adapted from Miles and Huberman 1984. They state that the data
analysis consists of three con-current flows of activity namely data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing or verification.
1. Data Reduction Strategy
Based on Tesch 1990, data reduction is a form of analysis that sharpens, sorts, focuses, discards and organizes data in such a way that final conclusion can
be drawn and verified as cited in Miles Huberman, 1994. In qualitative research, the researcher obtained data from different sources using data collection
techniques assortment triangulation. While collecting the data, the researcher got plenty of data so the researcher had to record the result carefully in details. The
amount of the data which had been collected was complex. As stated by Miles Hubberman 1984, the activity in qualitative data analysis performs interactively
and runs continuously until complete, so that the data was already saturated. When the data was already completed, the researcher did the next step which was
data reduction. The data obtained by the researcher was very varied so the researcher made some techniques to draw conclusions of the research that had
been done. Since this research had many kinds of data from three instruments, the
researcher decided to use coding. The researcher analyzed the data through coding because coding was the common procedure for qualitative data analysis. Based on
Cohen, Manion, and Morrison 2000 , “coding enables the researcher to identify
40 similar information. More than this, it enables the researcher to search and retrieve
the data in terms of those items that bear the same code ” p.559. Kerlinger 1970
says that coding has been defined as the translation of questions responses and respondent
s‟ information to specific categories for the purpose of analysis as cited in Cohen, Manion, Marisson, 2000. It means that by using coding, the
researcher will have same code to analyze the data. The researcher had to categorize the respondents‟ answers through some categories in coding.
The researcher used the variation of codes from the types of code family suggested by Bogdan and Biklen 2003. The researcher used this type of code
families because it consisted of specific topics that were relevant for reviewing the questionnaire and interview data. The type of code family by Bodgan and Biklen
2003 is presented in Table 3.3.
Table 3.3: Type of Code Family
Code Family Descriptions
SettingContext Codes General information on the setting topic, or subject
Definition of Situation Codes To place units of data that tell you how the subjects define the setting of particular topic.
Perspectives held by Subjects Codes oriented toward ways of thinking all or some subjects share that are not as general as their overall
definition of the situation but indicate orientations toward particular aspects of a setting.
Subjects‟ ways of thinking about People and Objects
The subjects‟ understanding of each other, of outsiders, and of the objects that make up their world.
Process Codes Words and phrases that facilitates categorizing
sequences of events, changes over time, or passages from one type or kind of status to another.
Activity Codes Codes that are directed at regularly occurring kinds of
behavior. Event Codes
It is directed as units of data that are related to specific activities that occur in the setting or in the lives of the
subjects you are interviewing. Strategy Codes
The tactics, methods, techniques, maneuvers, ploys, and other conscious ways people accomplish various
things. Relationship and Social
Structure Codes Regular patterns of behavior among people not
officially defined by the organizational chart. Units of
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data that direct you to cliques, friendships, romance, coalitions, enemies and mentorsstudents.
Narrative Codes It describes the structure of talk itself.
Method Codes It isolates material pertinent to research procedures,
problems, joys, dilemmas and the like. Developed From Bogdan and Biklen 2003
Bodgan and Biklen 2003 say that after the researcher read the questionnaire and transcribe the recorded interviews, the researcher read the
transcripts over and over again several times in order to get ideas for a coding scheme. It means that the researcher needed to record and sort all the answer
before deciding the coding scheme. The researcher used this coding to analyze all the answers from the three instruments in this research. After coding all the data,
the researcher used the narrative descriptive to display the data.
2. Data Display Strategy