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Ronald Wardhaugh 1992 classifies three kinds of code-switching that may happen in a society, which are situational code-switching, metaphorical code-
switching, and conversational code-switching. The first type of code-switching is situational code-switching. Wardhaugh
1992: 106 explains that situational code-switching happens when the language which is used by a speaker changes according to the situation which is faced by the
speaker. She or he may speak one language in one situation and another language in the different one.
The second type is metaphorical code-switching. One thing that enables people to identify metaphorical code-switching is that it has an affective dimension;
formal to informal, official to personal, serious to humorous, etc. The last type is conversational code-mixing. The difference between code-
switching and code-mixing can be seen through the context of the occurrence in which code-mixing occurs within a single utterance of someone’s speech as what
Wardhaugh 1992: 106 says that “Code-mixing occurs when conversances use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in
the course of a single utterance.”
c. The Possible Reasons for Code-switching
According to
Crystal 1987 as cited by Skiba 1997 in Code-switching as a
Countenance of Language Interference , there were three kinds of the reasons for
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code-switching. First, the code-switching was employed because of the special terms
related to the topic under discussion that should be used. It happened because every topic might have some specific terms that were sometimes so difficult to be translated
in Indonesian language. The second possible reason was presented by Crystal 1987
was to build the intimate relationship with the readers. Code-switching may occur when individuals wishes to express solidarity with a particular social group. Then, the
third possible reason, Crystal 1987 stated that code-switching occurs when the speaker wishes to convey hisher attitude to the listener. Where monolingual speakers
can communicate these attitudes by means of variation in the level of formality in their speech, bilingual speakers can convey the same by code switching.
According to Hoffmann 1991 in her book An Introduction to Bilingualism, she writes that “the reasons for code-switching are manifold” 1991: 115. It means
that reasons are contextual, situational and personal class. She describes that switching usually happens when the speaker is quoting someone else. It is called by
Holmes as “referentially oriented code switch” 2001: 37, in which it is employed to emphasize particular message content. The second reason presented by Hoffmann
1991 was code-switching may occur when the speaker is being emphatic about something. In addition, for the last reason, Hoffmann 1991 stated that it may occur
when the speaker repeats their utterance for clarification.
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d. Code-switching and Language Learning
Cook as cited by Skiba 1997 in Code-switching as a Countenance of Language Interference
agrees that code-switching can be used to help the process of language learning. In addition, as stated by Ellis on his book Second Language
Acquisition 1997, the learners’ communication engage in and through this rate and
possibly the route of inter-language development is indirectly influenced by social factors. One of the external factors to explain why learners acquire an L2 in certain
ways is input or “the samples of language to which a learner is exposed” Ellis, 1997: 5 that they receive.
In addition, since code-switching occurrences in Indonesian sport tabloid may bring both positive and negative effect as well, the writer tries to relate those
phenomena to a theory called foreigner talk, “the language that native speakers use when addressing non-native speakers” Ellis, 1997: 45. In this case, there are two
kinds of foreigner talk that can be identified. First, it is called grammatical foreign talk. In this case, there is available variety of modification of different native
speakers’ talk. As the first modification, it is conveyed at slower rate. Then, the input is simplified by using shorter sentences, avoiding the use of subordinate clauses, and
omitting complex grammatical forms. Third, it uses the basic forms by using a full forms rather than the contracted one. The last modification is that it sometimes
involves the lengthening of phrases to make the meaning clearer. Afterward, the
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second type of foreigner talk is called ungrammatical foreign talk, in which it implies the lack of respect from the native speaker and it may bring about an insult for the
learners. Ungrammatical foreign talk is characterized by both the deletion of certain grammatical features such as copula be, modal verbs, as well as articles, and the use
of basic form of verbs rather than the past tense form as well as the special constructions such as ‘no + verb’ Ellis, 1997: 45.
Finally, as long as L2 learners receive acceptable input of the target language, they would be able to produce the correct utterances. On the other hand, if L2
learners receive the incorrect one, so they cannot produce the correct utterance as well. It is supported by Krashen’s input hypothesis as cited in Ellis’ that second
language acquisition happens when a learner understands input which contains grammatical forms.
B. Theoretical Framework
The investigation of this study was on the written form, so in order to conduct the systematic study dealing with the phenomena of code-switching happen in the
society, the writer employed the theory of McCormick 1994 in defining types of code-switching. They are diglossic code-switching, conversational code-switching,
single-word code-switching, and integrated loanwords code-switching. In addition, both situational and metaphorical code-switching were eliminated because they only
occur in oral communication. Meanwhile, conversational code-switching itself is
