46
C. The Possible Implications of Code-switching toward English Education
Since the English code-switching phenomena were proven existed in Indonesian sport tabloids, it might bring about implications of the readers in
learning English language. In this case, there are two kinds of implications, whether the English code-switching in Indonesian sport tabloids supports the
readers’ learning process or obstructs the readers’ learning process. Based on the Krashen’s input hypothesis as cited in Ellis’ 1997, the
writer found two kinds of input in this study. They were grammatical input and ungrammatical input. A grammatical input could support the readers’ learning
process. 1.
Best product that you can trust
2.
Animal when the helmet is on
The examples above at a glance might be understood. However, if it was dealt with the grammatical input, it should be written as:
1.
It is the best product that you can trust
2.
He becomes like an animal when the helmet is on
In grammatical input, the existence of a subject or verb is important to make a sentence clearer.
Another input that was quite often found in the target tabloids was an ungrammatical input, in which it could obstruct the reader’s learning process. In
this case, the writer classified them into two groups, the first were misspelling words and the second were grammatical errors.
47 The misspelling group, although there were not too many cases found or it
was not done on purpose, it could indirectly obstruct the reader’s learning process. The misspelling words were presented on table 4.21.
Table 4.21: Misspelling Words in the Target tabloids
Mistyping Words The Correct Typing
Enlighment Enlightenment
Teckle Tackle
Ridiable Rid able
Manuver Maneuver
The second group is grammatical errors. The following cases showed some misspelling phrases that were found in the tabloids, in which they should be
written separately but they were written as a single-word.
Table 4.22: Misspelling Phrases in the Target Tabloids
Incorrect Grammar Correct Grammar
Hotspot Hot spot
Tagline Tag line
Matchday Match day
Liverbird Liver bird
Bigman Big man
Playmaker Play maker
Spieltag Spiel tag
Gearbox Gear box
Come back Comeback
Stake holder Stakeholder
Motorguides Motor guides
Streetfighter Street fighter
Spesial tools Special tools
Roadracer Road racer
Grasstrack Grass track
Undertail Under tail
Flowbench Flow bench
Outbound Out bound
Freekick Free kick
Midfielder Mid fielder
Impossible is nothing Nothing is impossible
Fairplay Fair play
48 Table 4.22 showed the grammatical errors, in which nouns in a form of plural
were written without using ‘-s’ in the end of the word.
Table 4.23: Both Written Double Verbs and Nouns in the Target Tabloids
Incorrect Grammar Correct Grammar
Crossing-crossing Crossings Assist-assist Assists
Duel-duel Duels Event-event Events
Agenda-agenda Agenda Striker-striker Strikers
Brand-brand Brands Manuver-manuver Maneuvers
D.
Other Findings
The writer found some English words in the three sport tabloids that had
been adopted as Indonesian words such as: final, target, versus, duel, global and striker
. Those words were frequently used by the writer of the articles of those three sport tabloids. It implied that those words already became familiar with both
the writer of the articles and the readers. Hence, those words were not written
italicized since people had already known that they belonged to Indonesian language.
49
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter presented the final results of this study and the suggestions. The final results were the answers to the research questions of this study, those were what
types of code-switching in Indonesian sport tabloids are, what the reasons for code- switching in Indonesian sport tabloids are, and what the implications of code-
switching in Indonesian sport tabloids towards English education in Indonesia are. The suggestions were presented to the English teachers as well as the other future
researchers.
A. Conclusions
1. The Types of Code-switching in Indonesian Sport Tabloids
Based on the McCormick’s 1994 theory that stated there were 6 types of code-switching, the writer only found 5 types of code-switching in Indonesian sport
tabloids. First was single-word code-switching, in which the juxtaposed element is a single-word. It is also called as lexical borrowing. Second is phrase code-switching,
in which the juxtaposed element is between two or more than one word. It can be a noun, verb, adjective, or adverb. Third was whole-sentence code-switching, in which
the juxtaposed element is a sentence. The fourth type was integrated loanwords, in which the juxtaposed element consists of morphemes of English and Indonesian
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