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B. Research Participants
In this study, Ary et al, 2002: 428 “the researcher select purposive sampling believed to be sufficient to provide maximum insight and understanding
of what they are studying”. Fraenkel and Wallen 1993:87 add that purposive sampling is different from convenience sampling in that researchers do not simply
study whoever is available, but the researchers use their judgment to select a sample which is believed based on prior information providing the data needed. In
this study, the researcher uses experience and knowledge to select a sample of participants that can provide relevant information about the topic or setting. In this
study there were different participants who were involved. They were classified into the groups below:
1. Participants in Research and Information Collecting
In order to collect data and information of need analysis, the researcher had distributed questionnaires and interview with the English teacher. Thus, the
participants in this step were the English teacher and the tenth grade students
of SMA Pangudi Luhur Sedayu. This basic step was very important for the researcher because it became the structure of designing the proper material by
knowing the students’ need, students’ characteristic, and information from the English teacher who already knew about the students’ learning characteristic and
students’ need. 2.
Participants in Preliminary Field Testing
The participants of this step were English teacher of SMA Pangudi Luhur
Sedayu who has adequate experiences in teaching speaking and he is expected to
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give valuable evaluation of the designed materials. The second were two PBI lectures
of Sanata Dharma University. The lectures were expected to be the evaluators so that the researcher could obtain comments, feedbacks, and
evaluation needed to revise the designed materials.
C. Research Instruments
In this research, the instruments used in this research were interview and questionnaire
. Bogdan and Biklen 1982:135 state that the interview is used to gather descriptive data in the subject’s own words so that the researcher can
develop insights on how subjects interpret some piece of the world and it provides information that cannot be obtained through observation. Questionnaires are an
inexpensive way to gather data from a potentially large number of respondents. Often questionnaires are the only feasible way to reach a number of reviewers
large enough to allow statistically analysis of the results. A well-designed questionnaire that is used effectively can gather information on both the overall
performance of the test system as well as information on specific components of the system www.cc.gatech.educlassescs6751_97_winterTopicsquest-design.
Then Fraenkel and Wallen 1993:87 state that “instruments must be valid in term of their validity which refers to the defensibility of the inferences
researchers make from the data collected through the use of an instrument, reliability
which refers to maintain consistent result, and objectivity which refers to the absence of subjective judgments”.
42 1.
Instruments for Research and Information Collecting In this study, the researcher involved two kinds of instruments, namely
interview and questionnaire. In order to find out how the learning and teaching
process in the speaking activity from the teacher, the researcher used interview where the interviewee could give their answer freely and it was effective to gain
much more information about the speaking activity done in the classroom. The second instrument used was questionnaire in which the students gave their answer
to the information needed. 2.
Instruments for Preliminary Field Testing
The instrument employed in this study was also questionnaire in order to
gain feedback, comments and suggestions from English teachers of SMA Pangudi Luhur
Sedayu and also the lecturers of Sanata Dharma University.
D. Data Gathering Technique
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