Methods Child Poverty and Disparities

22 Figure 1.3: Sex ratio estimates by single age, 1990, 2000 and 2010 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 Sex ratio female : male Age 1990 2000 2010 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Source:฀Estimates฀based฀on฀BPS฀–฀Statistics฀Indonesia฀data฀Figure฀1.1 square kilometre. More than half of Indonesia’s children also live in Java, and the provinces with the largest numbers of children are West Java, East Java and Central Java. However, the provinces with the largest proportions of children in their populations are located in eastern Indonesia, including provinces in Maluku, Papua and Sulawesi, and especially the province of East Nusa Tenggara Figure 1.4. 5,000,000 4,500,000 4,000,000 3,500,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 T otal population Age 1990 2000 2010 Figure 1.2: Population estimates by single age, 1990, 2000 and 2010 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Source:฀Estimates฀based฀on฀BPS฀–฀Statistics฀Indonesia฀data฀Figure฀1.1 The regional distribution of population, including children, is very uneven and Java is still home to most of Indonesia’s population, as shown by the data in Table 1.3. Although the proportions of the population living in Sumatra, Sulawesi, Kalimantan, Maluku and Papua have increased, by 2010 those living in Java still accounted for more than half of the total population. Moreover, Java remains the most crowded island, while Papua is the least crowded. On average, 23 Indonesia’s population density in 2010 was 124 people per square kilometre. Among the provinces, the densest population was recorded in Jakarta, which had 14,440 people per square kilometre. West Papua, meanwhile, had the least dense population with only eight people per Table 1.3: Distribution of population by major island, 1971–2010 Source:฀BPS฀–฀Statistics฀Indonesia,฀2010,฀p.฀7–14 Sumatra Java Jakarta West Java Central Java Yogyakarta East Java Banten Bali and Nusa Tenggara Kalimantan Sulawesi Maluku and Papua TOTAL Indonesia’s Population millions 1971 17.6 63.9 3.9 18.2 18.4 2.1 21.4 5.6 4.3 7.2 1.4 100.0 119.2 1990 20.4 60.2 4.6 19.8 16.0 1.6 18.2 5.3 5.1 7.0 2.0 100.0 178.6 2000 21.0 58.9 4.1 17.4 15.2 1.5 16.9 3.9 5.3 5.5 7.2 2.0 100.0 205.1 2010 21.3 57.5 4.0 18.1 13.6 1.5 15.8 4.5 5.5 5.8 7.3 2.6 100.0 237.6 1980 19.1 62.1 4.4 18.7 17.3 1.9 19.9 5.4 4.6 7.1 1.8 100.0 146.9 Figure 1.4: Numbers and proportions of population aged 0–17 years by province, 2010 Source:฀Preliminary฀igures฀from฀the฀2010฀Population฀Census Note:฀The฀rank฀of฀provinces฀from฀left฀to฀right฀is฀based฀on฀descending฀proportion฀of฀population฀aged฀0–17฀years฀age฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ range฀is฀based฀on฀data฀availability Numbers of children aged 0-17 years old Percentage of children from provincial population 9,000,000 8,000,000 7,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 - Number of Male Children Number of Female Children Percentage of children from provincial population East Nusa T enggara Maluku W est Sulawesi North Maluku Papua Southeast Sulawesi W est Papua North Sumatra Riau Central Sulawesi Gorontalo Aceh W est Sumatra W est Kalimantan W est Nusa T enggara South Sulawesi Central Kalimantan Bengkulu Jambi South Sumatra Banten East Kalimantan Lampung W est Java South Kalimantan Bangka Belitung Islands Riau Islands North Sulawesi Central Java Bali East Java Jakarta Y ogyakarta square kilometre. More than half of Indonesia’s children also live in Java, and the provinces with the largest numbers of children are West Java, East Java and Central Java. However, the provinces with the largest proportions of children in their populations are located in eastern Indonesia, including provinces in Maluku, Papua and Sulawesi, and especially the province of East Nusa Tenggara Figure 1.4. The proportion of children living in rural areas is higher than those living in urban areas, although the proportion of children in urban areas is increasing. Based on data from the 2009 SUSENAS, it is estimated that around 42.7 million children 54 per cent of the total number of children lived in rural areas, which was slightly larger than the proportion of the rural population itself 52 per cent. The remaining 36.7 million children 46 per cent of the total number of children lived in urban areas. Indeed, in line with recent urbanization trends, the proportion of children in urban areas has steadily increased. In 1993, it was estimated that only around 40 per cent of children lived in urban areas. In almost all provinces the numbers of