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3. Interview
The writer interviews the teacher and the students about the problems that the students faced as long as their studying in English, the teacher‟s effort
in applying teaching techniques, and the students‟ condition when the teacher
carries out the method or the technique in improving students‟ pronunciation.
The unstructured interview is undertaken during the classroom activity to get the students‟ involving and also does face to face between the teacher and the
writer.
H. Technique of Data Analysis 1. The Qualitative Data
The analysis for qualitative data used by the writer in this research is the observations of the students‟ activities during teaching learning process, and
interview in every action. In this case, first, the writer collected the entire data which was gained. Then, those data are given certain codes in the basis of their
kind of source. Next, the writer interprets all data in order to ease in categorizing and formulating some hypothesis about the result and plan of
CAR in reference to the aim of research.
2. The Quantitative Data
To analyze the quantitative data, the writer uses the method of statistic. The statistics used in this analysis are mean to calculate the average of the
students‟ score for each tests which are pre-test, post-test 1 and post-test 2, and the percentage of student‟s gained score. The first formula is to get the average
of students‟ pronunciation score„mean‟ score. It uses the formula as follows:
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x = ∑x
n
x = mean x = individual score
n = number of students
58
Sudjana, Metoda Statistika ed. 6, Bandung: Tarsito, 2000, p. 67
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To calculate the students‟ improvement of pronunciation test score, the writer calculates the test in cycle 1 and cycle 2, the writer uses the formula as
follows:
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P= y1-y x 100 y
P= percentage of students‟ improvement y= pre-test result
y1= post test 1 The following formula is to get the percentage of the improvement of
the students‟ score after doing post-test 2:
P= y2-y x 100 y
P= percentage of students‟ improvement y= pre-test result
y2= post test 2
I. Data Validity
According to PeltoPelto in Mills 2003 “validity refers to the degree to which scientific observations actually measure or record what they support to
measure.”
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Validity is to measure the data collected accurately. The validity is regarded as a qualification to measure whether the data can be responsible or not.
In considering knowing whether the data is valid or not, there are some criteria as Anderson and colleagues in Mills 2003 offered the following criteria
for the validity of action research: democratic validity, outcome validity, process validity, catalytic validity, and dialogic validity.
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In this case, the writer uses outcome, process, and dialogic validity.
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David E. Mettzer, The relationship between mathematics preparation and conceptual learning gains in physics: a possible physics and astronomy, 2008 p.3
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Geofrey E. Mills, Action Research, …Second Edition, p. 77
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Geofrey E. Mills, Action Research, …Second Edition, p. 84-85
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