Aspects of postmodernism of the social condition depicted in Bharati Mukherjee`s the Management of Grief.

ABSTRACT

Gayuh Pendhika Pratama Putri. Aspects of Postmodernism of Social Condition in Bharati Mukherjee’s The Management of Grief. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.

In the plural society, diversity becomes a crucial problem. It is what happened in Bharati Mukherjee’s The Management of Grief . To examine the problem, this undergraduate thesis applies the aspects of postmodernism. Postmodernism has aspects to discuss the problem through the way of communication in which the communication becomes an important thing in human life. The way of communication mentioned is legitimation and sublime in which the problems of society involved.

This undergraduate thesis attempts to show the aspects of postmodernism of the social condition depicted in Bharati Mukherjee’s The Management of Grief. In order to be systematically organized, there are two problem formulations. The first is how the elements of setting are depicted in Bharati Mukherjee’s The Management of Grief, and the second is what the aspects of postmodernism of the social condition are found.

In gathering data, this undergraduate thesis requires library research to conduct. It uses both printed texts and website references. The primary source is a literary work written by Bharati Mukherjee, The Management of Grief. The secondary source is taken from cultural studies books, printed and website references.

In a basic position to probe the postmodern issue within The Management of Grief, this undergraduate thesis attempts to show the aspects of postmodernism of the social condition. The social condition in the story is depicted through the elements of the setting which are geographical location, occupations and daily manner of living of the characters, time which action takes place, and general environment of the characters. By depicting the elements of setting, it shows the condition of the immigrants in Canada facing and reconstructing their grief after losing their relatives in terrorist bombing. In the social condition, they find problems that cause a conflict. However, a toleration can reduce the conflict. It is when they communicate with each other to face the grief without seeing their religions, cultures, races, and nations. By seeing the social condition through the depiction of the setting, it indicates the aspects of postmodernism in which they support and express their feelings by communication. Therefore, it can be concluded that the social condition in The Management of Grief depicts the aspects of postmodernism in which people have to communicate with each other to express their feelings and influence their thoughts. Without communication, people cannot solve the problems they face.

ABSTRAK

Gayuh Pendhika Pratama Putri. Aspects of Postmodernism of Social Condition in Bharati Mukherjee’s The Management of Grief. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.

Dalam masyarakat yang majemuk ini, keanekaragaman menjadi masalah yang rumit. Hal itulah yang terjadi di The Management of Grief karya Bharati Mukherjee. Oleh karena itu, untuk menggali masalah tersebut skripsi ini menggunakan aspek pasca modernisme yang berkaitan dengan gagasan permainan bahasa. Pasca modernisme memiliki aspek untuk menganalisis masalah melalui cara berkomunikasi karena komunikasi merupakan hal penting dalam kehidupan manusia. Cara berkomunikasi yang disebutkan dalam permainan bahasa yaitu legitimasi dan sublime dimana permasalahan sosial terlibat.

Skripsi ini mencoba untuk menunjukkan bahwa aspek-aspek pasca modernisme dari kondisi sosial digambarkan dalam The Management of Grief karya Bharati Mukherjee menggambarkan aspek dari pasca modernisme. Agar terorganisir dengan baik, skripsi ini berpedoman pada dua rumusan masalah. Pertama, bagaimana setting digambaran dalam buku The Management of Grief karya Bharati Mukherjee, dan yang kedua yaitu apa saja yang menjadi aspek dari pasca modernisme dalam kondisi sosial berdasarkan setting yang digambaran dalam buku The Management of Grief karya Bharati Mukherjee.

Dalam pengumpulan data, skripsi ini menggunakan metode pustaka. Skripsi ini menggunakan referensi teks tertulis dan website. Sumber utama dalam skripsi ini adalah karya sastra yang ditulis oleh Bharati Mukherjee, yaitu The Management of Grief karena skripsi ini merupakan pembelajaran literasi dengan pendekatan pasca modernisme. Sumber lainnya diambil dari buku, teks tertulis, dan website tentang budaya.

Dalam dasar menelaah isu pasca modern dalam The Management of Grief, skripsi ini mencoba untuk menunjukkan bahwa apa yang terjadi di masyarakat dalam cerita tersebut adalah aspek-aspek pascamodernism dari kondisi sosial. Kondisi sosial dalam cerita tersebut digambarkan melalui elemen-elemen setting, yaitu lokasi geografis, pekerjaan dan sikap keseharian dari kehidupan para tokoh, waktu terjadinya peristiwa, dan lingkungan secara umum dari para tokoh. Dengan menggambarkan elemen-elemen dari setting, hal tersebut menunjukkan kondisi para imigran di Kanada menghadapi dan merekonstruksi duka mereka setelah kehilangan keluarganya dalam teroris bom. Dalam kondisi sosial, mereka mendapati permasalahan yang menyebabkan konflik. Namun, toleransi dapat mengurangi konflik tersebut. Seperti ketika mereka saling menguatkan dalam menghadapi dukanya tanpa melihat agama, budaya, ras, dan bangsa. Dengan menelaah kondisi sosial melalui gambaran setting, hal tersebut mengindikasi aspek-aspek pascaposmodernisme saat mereka menguatkan dan mengekspresikan perasaan mereka melalui komunikasi. Oleh karena itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kondisi sosial dalam The Management of Grief menggambarkan aspek-aspek pasca posmodernisme ketika manusia harus berkomunikasi dengan sesama untuk mengekspresikan perasaan dan mempengaruhi pikiran mereka. Tanpa komunikasi manusia tidak akan bisa menyelesaikan permasalahan yang dihadapi.

i

ASPECTS OF POSTMODERNISM

OF THE SOCIAL CONDITION

DEPICTED IN BHARATI

MUKHERJEE’S

THE MANAGEMENT OF GRIEF

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

In English Letters

By

GAYUH PENDHIKA PRATAMA PUTRI Student Number: 134214035

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2016

ii

ASPECTS OF POSTMODERNISM

OF THE SOCIAL CONDITION

DEPICTED IN BHARATI

MUKHERJEE’S

THE MANAGEMENT OF GRIEF

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

In English Letters

By

GAYUH PENDHIKA PRATAMA PUTRI Student Number: 134214035

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2016

A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

ASPECTS OF POSTMODERNISM

OF THE SOCIAL CONDITION

DEPICTED IN BHARATI MUKHERJEE'S

THE MANA GEMENT OF GRIEF

By

GAYUH PENDHIKA PRATAMA PUTRI Student Number: 134214035

Dr. Gabri~l

Approved by

April 11111,2017 Advisor

\llv .'

Ora.A.B. Sri Mulyani,M.A., Ph.D Co-Advisor

iii

A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

ASPECTS OF POSTMODERNISM

OF THE SOCIAL CONDITION

DEPICTED IN BHARATI MUKHERJEE'S

THE MANAGEMENT OF GRIEF

By

GAYUH PENDHlKA PRATAMA PUTRI Student Number: 134214035

Defended before the Board of Examiners on April 251h, 2017

and Declared Acceptable

BOARD OF EXAMINERS

Name

Chairperson : Dr. Gabriel Fajar Sasn-iita Aji., M.Hum. Secretary : Dra. A.B. Sri Mlilyani, M.A., Ph.D Member I : Ni Lull PlItli Rosiandani, S.S., M.Hum, Member 2 : Dr. Gabriel Fajar Sasmita Aji., M.Hum.

Member 3 : Dra. A.B. Sri Mlilyani, M.A., Ph.D

\Ill:

-,//-1----...-...r.

P. Ari Subagyo, M.Hum.

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that, to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text of the undergraduate thesis.

Yogyakarta, April

i'\

2017

~

Gayuh Pendhika Pratama Putri

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLlKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma Nama

NomoI' Mahasiswa

: Gayuh Pendhika Pratama Putri : 134214035

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dhanna karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul

ASPECTS OF POSTMODERNISM

OF THE SOCIAL CONDITION

DEPICTED IN BHARATI MUKHERJEE'S

THE MANAGEMENT OF GRIEF

beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan

kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,

mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakatia Pada tanggal 7 April 2017

Yang menyatakan,

~

Gayuh Pendhika Pratama Putri

vii

“Religion is a cultural

composition

that

entails diverse elements: feeling, rite,

belief, myth, dogma.”

-Whitehead-viii

I dedicate this work for people who are still

searching for freedom, who are still

searching for a voyage in life, who are still

managing plans to the better future.

ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank God Almighty who gives me the idea to write this undergraduate thesis and whose revelation makes me understand that the diversity is a beautiful and unique thing in this world as well as in fiction.

I also would like to thank Dr. Gabriel Fajar Sasmita Aji., M.Hum. who showed me the steps and helped me solve the difficulties in the process of writing the thesis. I would also like to thank Dra. A.B. Sri Mulyani, M.A., Ph.D who gave me useful advices in improving my writing.

My next gratitude is addressed to my parents, especially my mother for the patience to support me whenever I feel weary. I also thank my family and my best friends, who cannot be mentioned one by one, for giving me the spirit of love and motivation, so that I can finish this thesis. I am also grateful to my friends in the class 2013 English Letters Sanata Dharma University for the happy time and experiences I have. I express my gratitude and love to all of you.

x

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ... ii

APPROVAL PAGE ... iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ... iv

STATEMENT OF ORIGINILATY ... v

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH .. vi

MOTTO PAGE ... vii

DEDICATION PAGE ... viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... x

ABSTRACT ... xi

ABSTRAK ... xii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1

A.Background of the Study ... 1

B.Problem Formulation ... 5

C.Objectives of the Study ... 5

D.Definition of Terms ... 5

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 9

A.Review of Related Studies ... 9

B.Review of Related Theories ... 13

C.Theoretical Framework ... 20

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ... 21

A.Object of the Study ... 21

B.Approach of the Study ... 22

C.Method of the Study ... 23

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ... 25

A.The Depiction of the Setting in The Management of Grief ... 25

B.The Aspects of Postmodernism in the Settings ... 48

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ... 56

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 59

APPENDICES ... 61

xi ABSTRACT

Gayuh Pendhika Pratama Putri. Aspects of Postmodernism of Social Condition

in Bharati Mukherjee’s The Management of Grief. Yogyakarta: Department of

English Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.

In the plural society, diversity becomes a crucial problem. It is what happened in Bharati Mukherjee‟s The Management of Grief . To examine the problem, this undergraduate thesis applies the aspects of postmodernism. Postmodernism has aspects to discuss the problem through the way of communication in which the communication becomes an important thing in human life. The way of communication mentioned is legitimation and sublime in which the problems of society involved.

This undergraduate thesis attempts to show the aspects of postmodernism of the social condition depicted in Bharati Mukherjee‟s The Management of Grief. In order to be systematically organized, there are two problem formulations. The first is how the elements of setting are depicted in Bharati Mukherjee‟s The Management of Grief, and the second is what the aspects of postmodernism of the social condition are found.

In gathering data, this undergraduate thesis requires library research to conduct. It uses both printed texts and website references. The primary source is a literary work written by Bharati Mukherjee, The Management of Grief. The secondary source is taken from cultural studies books, printed and website references.

In a basic position to probe the postmodern issue within The Management of Grief, this undergraduate thesis attempts to show the aspects of postmodernism of the social condition. The social condition in the story is depicted through the elements of the setting which are geographical location, occupations and daily manner of living of the characters, time which action takes place, and general environment of the characters. By depicting the elements of setting, it shows the condition of the immigrants in Canada facing and reconstructing their grief after losing their relatives in terrorist bombing. In the social condition, they find problems that cause a conflict. However, a toleration can reduce the conflict. It is when they communicate with each other to face the grief without seeing their religions, cultures, races, and nations. By seeing the social condition through the depiction of the setting, it indicates the aspects of postmodernism in which they support and express their feelings by communication. Therefore, it can be concluded that the social condition in The Management of Grief depicts the aspects of postmodernism in which people have to communicate with each other to express their feelings and influence their thoughts. Without communication, people cannot solve the problems they face.

xii ABSTRAK

Gayuh Pendhika Pratama Putri. Aspects of Postmodernism of Social Condition

in Bharati Mukherjee’s The Management of Grief. Yogyakarta: Department of

English Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.

Dalam masyarakat yang majemuk ini, keanekaragaman menjadi masalah yang rumit. Hal itulah yang terjadi di The Management of Grief karya Bharati Mukherjee. Oleh karena itu, untuk menggali masalah tersebut skripsi ini menggunakan aspek pasca modernisme yang berkaitan dengan gagasan permainan bahasa. Pasca modernisme memiliki aspek untuk menganalisis masalah melalui cara berkomunikasi karena komunikasi merupakan hal penting dalam kehidupan manusia. Cara berkomunikasi yang disebutkan dalam permainan bahasa yaitu legitimasi dan sublimedimana permasalahan sosial terlibat.

Skripsi ini mencoba untuk menunjukkan bahwa aspek-aspek pasca modernisme dari kondisi sosial digambarkan dalam The Management of Grief karya Bharati Mukherjee menggambarkan aspek dari pasca modernisme. Agar terorganisir dengan baik, skripsi ini berpedoman pada dua rumusan masalah. Pertama, bagaimana setting digambaran dalam buku The Management of Grief karya Bharati Mukherjee, dan yang kedua yaitu apa saja yang menjadi aspek dari pasca modernisme dalam kondisi sosial berdasarkan setting yang digambaran dalam buku The Management of Grief karya Bharati Mukherjee.

Dalam pengumpulan data, skripsi ini menggunakan metode pustaka. Skripsi ini menggunakan referensi teks tertulis dan website. Sumber utama dalam skripsi ini adalah karya sastra yang ditulis oleh Bharati Mukherjee, yaitu The Management of Grief karena skripsi ini merupakan pembelajaran literasi dengan pendekatan pasca modernisme. Sumber lainnya diambil dari buku, teks tertulis, dan website tentang budaya.

Dalam dasar menelaah isu pasca modern dalam The Management of Grief, skripsi ini mencoba untuk menunjukkan bahwa apa yang terjadi di masyarakat dalam cerita tersebut adalah aspek-aspek pascamodernism dari kondisi sosial. Kondisi sosial dalam cerita tersebut digambarkan melalui elemen-elemen setting, yaitu lokasi geografis, pekerjaan dan sikap keseharian dari kehidupan para tokoh, waktu terjadinya peristiwa, dan lingkungan secara umum dari para tokoh. Dengan menggambarkan elemen-elemen dari setting, hal tersebut menunjukkan kondisi para imigran di Kanada menghadapi dan merekonstruksi duka mereka setelah kehilangan keluarganya dalam teroris bom. Dalam kondisi sosial, mereka mendapati permasalahan yang menyebabkan konflik. Namun, toleransi dapat mengurangi konflik tersebut. Seperti ketika mereka saling menguatkan dalam menghadapi dukanya tanpa melihat agama, budaya, ras, dan bangsa. Dengan menelaah kondisi sosial melalui gambaran setting, hal tersebut mengindikasi aspek-aspek pascaposmodernisme saat mereka menguatkan dan mengekspresikan perasaan mereka melalui komunikasi. Oleh karena itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kondisi sosial dalam The Management of Grief menggambarkan aspek-aspek pasca posmodernisme ketika manusia harus berkomunikasi dengan sesama untuk mengekspresikan perasaan dan mempengaruhi pikiran mereka. Tanpa komunikasi manusia tidak akan bisa menyelesaikan permasalahan yang dihadapi.

1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A.Background of the Study

Interaction and communication are two important things in human life. Those are necessary due to human‟s different facts, such as faith, opinion, attitude, the way of thinking, or custom they might face in the society. These phenomena show that people in this world, actually, try to exist. Thus, people want to be considered in society by all the various things they have.

The phenomena of the various things, such as different customs, religions, and nations, are shown in Bharati Mukherjee‟s The Management of Grief. This short story tells about how people face and manage griefs. The griefs were caused by the Sikh terrorist bombing of Air India Flight 182. It was an actual accident occured on June 23, 1985, which killed 329 passangers and crews. This story depicted griefs of Shaila Bhave, Kusum, Dr. Ranganathan, and Indo-Canadian immigrants who were from different cultures and nations. The accident made them realize to support and respect each other.

Bhave is an immigrant who lives in Canada. She faces the fate by losing her husband and two sons. As an Indian, she has forms of grief which are specific to her culture. She regrets losing her husband because she never called her husband‟s name and showed her love to her husband as Western people do. In her grief, she is helped and supported by the Sharmas and friends from Indo-Canada Society. However, when Bhave is in a grief, Judith Templeton as an appointee of the provincial government comes to ask for

Bhave‟s help to communicate with people who are also in a grief. It is because Templeton thinks Bhave is a strong person to communicate with the other survivors.

In facing the grief, Bhave has new relatives who are Kusum and Dr. Ranganathan. Even though they have lost their relatives, they give motivation to each other. Besides, this story tells how people show their care without seeing the diversity. The way of it can be viewed through either two perspectives which is modernism or postmodernism.

In modernism, it shows the condition concerning a set of cultural and aesthetic. Besides, it develops in conscious opposition to classicism in which it emphasizes the truth behind surface appearance.

Sarup (1993: 131) argues that

Modernism concerns a particular set of cultural or aesthetic styles associated with the artistic movement which originated around the turn of the century and have dominated the various arts until recently. Modernism developed in conscious opposition to classicism; it emphasized experimentation and the aim of finding an inner truth behind surface structure.

In other words, modernism had led human beings to the condition in which there is a social differentiation. It means that there is a distinction of the fact and value, and ethic and theory. Besides, modernism also has the features that relate to the narrative and the condition of modernism itself. The basic features of modernism is mentioned by Sarup (1993:131) that

The basic features of modernism can be summarized as: an aesthetic self-consciousness and reflexiveness; a rejection of narrative structure in favour of simultaneity and montage; an exploration of the paradoxical, ambiguous and uncertain, open-ended nature of reality; and the rejection

of the notion of an integrated personality in favour of an emphasis upon the Freudian „split‟ subject.

In defining the condition of modernism, it also relates to the definition of postmodernism in which one of problems in modernism appears in postmodernism. In postmodernism, it suggests human beings about the changes of the way of thinking towards the social condition they are facing. The condition means that technologies and sciences serve a facility for human beings to communicate without direct interaction.

Consequently, there are some effects later, such as communication problem. Postmodernism attempts to have a new view for the condition of technology and science. People do not only depend on them, but also know how to use as the useful things.

Postmodernism sees the reality as a diversity, pluralism, fragmentation, and skepticism. It means that postmodernism as the theory tries to show that language games is a term to open the consciousness of perspectives to receive pluralism. It is because human beings use language in their activities to express their thoughts, feelings, opinions, or idea. Barker (2004: 106-107) said that

Language is important to an understanding of culture for two central and related reasons: first, language is the previleged medium in which cultural meanings are formed and communicated; and second, language is the primary means and medium through which we form knowledge about ourselves and the social world. Language forms the network by which we classify the world and make it meaningful, that is, cultural.

In postmodernism, to understand the social condition, it can be seen through the language that society uses. By using language, the society can

communicate each other and understand the different knowledges. As the result, the society can receive the pluralism as what postmodernism concerns.

By respecting the pluralism, people can reduce the conflict. As this era shows, there are conflicts because of the diversity, such as religion and cultural conflict. It is because this era is marked by the radicalism and fundamentalism. People who live in the pluralism have to know how the changing of the social condition is important.

The literary work criticizes a conflict or condition of society in this era is Bharati Mukherjee‟s The Management of Grief. This story presents us how the aspects of postmodernism depicted through the social condition of the characters which is the setting of event happens and facing their grief. They show the condition of postmodern when they criticize the reaction of government towards the conflict and the effects of that.

Besides, they use a language games as postmodernism said when they value the fate and live are from God. Another condition of postmodernism depicted through this short story is the pluralism. Bharati Mukherjee‟s The Management of Grief tells about how they facing the pluralism in the same place and solving the problem together without making another problem. They have toleration for a grief.

In this case, setting is an important thing to be discussed because it is a basic to prove and understand how unconventional setting is seen by the aspects of postmodernism. Setting as an intrinsic element of literary work explains about time, place, and social condition in which the story happened.

Hence, this undergraduate thesis focuses more on setting and aspects of postmodernism are depicted in the story.

B.Problem Formulation

1. How are the elements of setting depicted in Bharati Mukherjee‟s The Management of Grief?

2. What are the aspects of postmodernism in the social condition depicted as the setting in Bharati Mukherjee‟s The Management of Grief?

C.Objectives of the Study

The point of this undergraduate thesis is to prove that the social condition of the characters in Bharati Mukherjee‟s The Management of Grief represents aspects of postmodernism. In order to find the evidence of the condition of postmodernism in the short story, problem formulation has to be formulated.

Based on the problem formulation, there are two objectives of study. The objectives are: First, to depict setting in Bharati Mukherjee‟s The Management of Grief. Second, to analyze aspects of postmodernism in setting depicted in Bharati Mukherjee‟s The Management of Grief. It is because this undergraduate thesis focuses on setting, and studies how the condition of the story depicts aspects of postmodernism.

D.Definition of Terms

There are five terms should be explained, so that the title of this undergraduate thesis becomes clear for the readers. They are social condition, postmodernism, and language games. The first term is social condition. In

general, social condition is a term referring to a condition of the society. It is usually related to geographical, political, economical, or social status.

Social is defined in (yourdictionary.com, September 19, 2016) as “of or having to do with human beings living together as a group in a situation in which their dealings with one another affect their common welfare: social consciousness, social problems” whereas condition is defined in (yourdictionary.com, September 19, 2016) as “Anything that modifies or restricts the nature, existence, or occurrence of something else; external circumstance or factor.”

The second term is postmodernism. Sarup (1993: 131) said that

Postmodernism is a name for a movement in advanced capitalist culture, particularly in the arts. There is a sense in which if one sees modernism as the culture of modernity, postmodernism is the culture of postmodernity. The term postmodernism originated among artists and critics in New York in the 1960s and was taken up by European theorists in the 1970s.

The term of postmodernism is also mentioned by Barker (2004: 156) that “We may understand postmodernism to be a notion that refers us to questions of culture and knowledge while the idea of postmodernity relates to historical patterns of social organization.”

This undergraduate thesis uses the word „postmodernism‟ to refer to the problem of culture and society. Thus, the questions of this undergraduate thesis is not confined by the text, but it attempts to extend through the culture and knowledge in the social condition in Bharati Mukherjee‟s The Management of Grief in order to find the relation of the internal and external problem. It relates to the definition of the social condition. Besides, the term

„postmodernism‟ also includes to related terms, such as postmodern, postmodernity, and postmodernist.

The third term is language games. Barker (2004: 108) said that

“The concept of a language games is strongly associated with the ordinary language philosophy of the „later‟ Wittgenstein, for whom the meaning of words derives from the usage in a complex network of relationships between signs, and not from some essential characteristic or referent. Thus meaning is contextual and relational; it depends on the relationships between words that have „family resemblances‟ and on specific utterances in the context of pragmatic narratives.”

This undergraduate thesis uses this term because it relates to the topic in which language is an important to communicate in the society. Besides, language games is related to postmodernism which uses language games referring to the meaning of the context of words.

The fourth term is legitimation. This term is used because it is the way of communication in the aspects of postmodernism which is discussed in this study. As Lyotard (1984: 8) said that

Legitimation is the process by which a legislator is authorized to promulgate such a law as a norm. Now take the example of a scientific statement: it is subject to the rule that a statement must fulfill a given set of conditions in order to be accepted as scientific. In this case, legitimation is the process by which a “legislator” dealing with scientific discourse is authorized to prescribe the stated conditions (in general, the conditions of internal consistency and experimental verification) determining whether a statement is to be included in that discourse for consideration by the scientific community.

It means that legitimation is used by legislator in making rule in order to fulfill a given set of conditions, so that, it is accepted as scientific. Then, the fifth term is sublime. Lucy (1997: 35) said that

According to the great eighteenth-century German philosopher Immanuel Kant, in opposition to whose ideas the Romantic period is often (wrongly)

defined, sublime is an order of judgement. The sublime, as distinct from the beautiful or the horrible, is not to be found in nature, but in the mind. While the sublime is both „universally valid‟ and „independent of interest‟,the analytical process by which anything is judged to be sublime is a cultural ahievement, not a natural priori condition.

This undergraduate thesis uses this term because it is one of the aspects of postmodernism which explains that communication is used to express people‟s mind and thought.

9 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A.Review of Related Studies

Bharati Mukherjee‟s The Management of Grief is a short story with religious and cultural theme overarching it. It descibes how immigrants who lost their relatives, in terrorist bombing, face the grief with the various of cultures and religions in their surroundings. To analyze this study, there are some studies to consult in order to enrich any perspectives that important for the study. The first study, written by Katleen Brogan, entitled “American Stories of Cultural Haunting: Tales of Heirs and Ethnographers.” It deals with Bharati Mukherjee‟s The Management of Grief, as a short story, invoking ghosts to dramatize some points in the story. In its article (1995: 150), she mentioned that

In “The Management of Grief” (1989), Bharati Mukherjee invokes ghosts to dramatize the divided loyalties and ultimate transformation of immigrants to North America.

Brogan‟s study attempts to analyze how ghosts invokes in the short story to dramatize the loyalties and ultimate transformation of immigrants who lost their relatives. It also reflects a phenomenon concerning with the questions of ethnic identity and transmission. Brogan (1995: 151) said that “Plainly, the contemporary American ghost story is not solely an African-American phenomenon; it is, in fact, a pan-ethnic phenomenon, registering a

widespread concern with questions of ethnic identity and cultural transmission.”

By concerning with the questions of ethnic identity and cultural transmission through the ghosts, she can show the readers how story tells about historical moments and emphasizes on ethnic and differentiation of race in the society.

From the above quotations, Brogan considers ghosts as a key point to the short story. Unlike this undergraduate thesis which focuses on cultures and religions through social condition, Brogan‟s study focuses on ethnic and differentiation race through the ghosts.

The second study is Mukherjee‟s stories of American transformations. The title of study is “Looting American Culture: Bharati Mukherjee‟s Immigrant Narratives” written by Jennifer Drake. This study attempts to show how Mukherjee‟s stories create an unsettled time that links to the events of everyday life so as to rethink American narratives of immigrants. Drake (1999: 60) said that

Mukherjee's stories of American transforma- tions create an unsettled "time of writing" that links "the event of the everyday and the advent of the epochal" so as to rethink American narratives of immigration. In her tales, people and nations scatter and gather.

In that study, it attempts to show that Mukherjee, as an American writer, attempts to show the struggle of immigrants and the imagination in social life. The imagination as social practice and social fact link to fractals, chaos, globalization, or hegemony.

Drake (1999: 62) said that

The imagination as social practice and social fact works where myth logic meets fractals, chaos, fuzzy set theory; globalization is ineffectually understood purely in terms of Western or U.S. hegemony; narratives of Americanization here and abroad must be interrupted by narratives of indigenization; neither the center nor the periphery can hold, or hold on. From the quotation, in Mukherjee‟s imagination, America is a place in flux and a metaphor representing freedom from Indian. In their society, they face fractals and chaos. Darke (1999: 64) said that “In Mukherjee‟s imagination, America is a place in flux, a metaphor that represents freedom from Indian history-as-fate.”

From the quotation, it can be concluded that Darke representing the freedom from Indian history, as their fate, through a metaphor. This undergraduate thesis considers The Management of Grief is a shot story as a cultural and religious story that shows the aspects of postmodernism of the social condition as the setting. The main difference between this undergraduate thesis and Darke‟s study is the object of the study. Darke‟s study attempts to prove the freedom of immigrants in the society through a metaphor, whereas this undergraduate thesis attempts to relate the social condition as the setting in the short story with the aspects of postmodernism.

As this short story focuses on the setting, there is a study that analyzes another story with the seting as the turning point. The third study is written by Lisistrata Lusandiana entitled “Power Struggle Between Modernism and Postmodernism to Determine Truth as Revealed in Restrepo‟s The Angel of

Galilea.” She attempts to analyze the description of the society in the novel that shows the setting of time and place.

According to her thesis, Lusandiana stated the theory from Holman and Harmon (2009: xxxix-xi) that

The analysis of the society as setting is based on what Holman and Harmon said about setting, that it can be constructed upon these elements: “first, the actual geographical location, second, the occupations and daily manner of living of the characters, third, the time or period in which the action takes place, fourth, the general environment of the characters, such as religious, moral, mental, social and emotional conditions through which the people in the narrative move.”

In this part, the time and place in which the actions take place are described. The actions can include conflicts, the condition of characters, such as religious, moral, mental, and emotional.

In this undergraduate thesis, The Management of Grief is one of the stories written by Bharati Mukherjee consisting wide-ranging in both setting and theme. The fourth study that discusses about Bharati Mukherjee‟s The Management of Grief is Parameswaran‟s journal (1990: 363). It is mentioned that “Bharati Mukherjee‟s second volume of short fiction consists of eleven stories that are wide-ranging in both settings and themes.”

This undergraduate thesis will analyze The Management of Grief through the setting point of view which explains the condition of the characters during the chaos. The Management of Grief is the final story in the collection entitled The Middleman and Other Stories. It implies that Mukherjee‟s works describing culture or events in opposite directions.

From those four studies have mentioned, this undergraduate thesis stated on aspects of postmodernism of the social condition as the setting in Bharati Mukherjee‟s The Management of Grief. In this undergraduate thesis, there are different perspectives from the previous studies.

The first is Katleen Brogan‟s study. It discusses about “American Stories of Cultural Haunting: Tales of Heirs and Ethnographers.” The second is “Looting American Culture: Bharati Mukherjee‟s Immigrant Narratives” written by Jennifer Drake. The third is from Lusandiana‟s study that discusses the description of the society through Restrepo‟s The Angel of Galilea by modernism and postmodernism approach. The fourth is Parameswaran‟s study discussing about the background of The Management of Grief is written by Bharati Mukherjee. In this study, it mentions that culture and event at the time influence the short story.

This undergraduate thesis attempts to show how the aspects of postmodernism of the social condition are depicted in Bharati Mukherjee‟s The Management of Grief.

B.Review of Related Theories

This undergraduate thesis has two points to be discussed. They are the depiction of the setting and aspects of postmodernism. Therefore, this undergraduate thesis needs theories on the two fields to answer and analyze the problem formulation.

1. Theory on Setting

The aspects of postmodernism of the social condition in the short story can be seen by disclosing the setting.

Abrams (1999: 284) argued that

The overall setting of a narrative or dramatic work is the general locale, historical time, and social circumstances in which its action occurs; the setting of a single episode or scene within such a work is the particular physical location in which it takes place.

In this undergraduate thesis, Abrams theory is used to analyze the setting of the short story in which the action, time, and place mentioned the action and accident occured. Before depicting the social circumstances of the story, it depicts a single episode or scene in which the accident or activity happen. After depicts the single scene of story, the conflict of the characters in the story appears. The conflicts and the condition that characters face can be found through the elements of setting, such as location the accident takes place, time, and the environment in which the characters move and face various condition in life. However, before analyzing the setting in detail by using general local, historical time, and social circumstances, this undergraduate thesis depicts the setting by using the theory of setting of V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs in Fiction: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. It is to divide the settings in the short story easily.

Such a view follows the theoretical assumption that “Setting refers to the natural and artificial scenery or environment in which characters in literature live and move.” (1987: 190).

Roberts and Jacobs divide the term of setting into two types of settings. They are natural setting and manufactured setting. Natural setting is defined as “Nature, in short, is one of the major forces governing the circumstances of characters who go about facing the conflicts on which the plots of stories depend.” (1987: 191). On the other hand, manufactured setting is defined as “Manufactured things always reflect the people who make them. A building or a room tells about the people who built it and live in it, and ultimately about the social and political orders that maintain the conditions” (1987: 191).

To support Robert and Jacobs‟ theory, this undergraduate thesis needs another theory of setting. The theory of setting is from Harmon. Harmon (2009: 508) said that

The elements making up a setting are: (1) the geographical location, its topography, scenery, and such physical arrangements as the location of the windows and doors in a room; (2) the occupations and daily manner of living of the characters; (3) the time or period in which the action takes place, for example, epoch in history or season of the year; and (4) the general environment of the characters, for example, religious, mental, moral, social, and emotional conditions.

This undergraduate thesis uses Harmon theory to analyze the social condition of the short story through the place and time the action and accident happened, occupations and daily manner the characters have, and the moral, cultures, religious, and emotional condition the characters have in facing the grief.

2. Theory on the Aspects of Postmodernism

Lyotard, as a postmodernist, attempts to create a society in which there is a flexibility of narrative knowledge. It is because there is a conflict between

narrative and science in which they have their own thought to solve problem by language. Sarup (1993: 145) mentioned that

Lyotard believes that there is a conflict between narrative and science (theoretical knowledge). Narrative is disappearing and there is nothing to replace it. He seems to want the flexibility of narrative knowledge – in which the aesthetic, cognitive and moral are interwoven – and yet want also to retain the individualism which developed with capitalism.

It also mentioned that

Lyotard argues that art, morality and science (the beautiful, the good and the true) have become separated and autonomous. A characteristic of our times is the fragmentation of language games. (Sarup, 1993: 145)

From those quotations, it can be seen that there are the notion of postmodernism which are about the ability to deal with time. As Sarup (1993: 146) said that “Two significant features of postmodernism, as described by the American critic Fredric Jameson, are „pastiche‟ and „schizophrenia‟.”

The explanation of „pastiche‟ and „schizophrenia‟ are mentioned by Sarup (1993: 146) that

The practice of pastiche, the imitation of dead styles, can be seen in the „nostalgia film‟. It seems that we are unable to focus on our present. We have lost our ability to locate ourselves historically. As a society we have become incapable of dealing with time.

Postmodernism has a peculiar notion of time. Jameson explains what he means in terms of Lacan‟s theory of schizophrenia. The originality of Lacan‟s thought in this area is to have considered schizophrenia as a language disorder. Schizophrenia emerges from the failure of the infant to enter fully into the realm of speech and language. For Lacan the experience of temporality, human time, past, present, memory, the persistence of personal identity is an effect of language. It is because language has a past and a future, because the sentence moves in time, that we can have what seems to us a concrete or lived experience of time.

By seeing the notion of postmodernism, it draws the attention to three aspects of postmodernist thought. Sarup (1993: 150) said that

Firstly, there is a tendency to reduce all truth-claims to the level of rhetorics, narrative strategies or Foucauldian discourses conceived as existing solely by virtue of the differences or rivalries between them, so that no single claimant can assert itself at the expense of any other.

Secondly, a related point, there is often an appeal, especially in Lyotard, to the Wittgensteinian notion of „language games‟ (sometimes called „forms of life‟). A belief in heterogeneous language games, each involving a different set of cognitive, historical or ethico-political criteria, implies that is not possible to decide between rival interpretations.

Thirdly, there is a turn towards the Kantian sublime as a means of devaluing cognitive truth-claims and elevating the notion of the unpresentable (that is to say, intuitions that cannot be „brought under‟ adequate concepts) to absolute pride of place in the ethical realm.

It is also mentioned by Lyotard (1984: xxiv) that “Simplifying to the extreme, I define postmodern as incredulity toward metanarratives. This incredulity is undoubtedly a product of progress in the sciences: but that progress in turn presupposes it.” Hence, there are the differences between narrative and scientific text. It is clarified by Lucy (1997: 66) that

Before raising them, though, I want to clarify what Lyotard thinks the differences between narrative and scientific texts (or knowledge or language games) comprise. The basic difference is that narrative language-games are heterogeneous as opposed to the more restrictive outcome-oriented, rule-governed game of science. Science, because it is dominated by rules, is end-directed, whereas narrative (or more broadly art), because it produces rules only in and as itself, is completely free from having to legitimate what it „is‟ according to any external criteria.

Lyotard also mentioned how the postmodern condition is, in The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. As he said, the postmodern condition is marked by cultures. That condition influences the way of communication and knowledge of each individuals.

Lyotard (1984: 4) said that “The “producers” and users of knowledge must now, and will have to, possess the means of translating into these language whatever they want to invent or learn.”

From the term of knowledge, then it develops into problems in which postmodernism mentioned. For instance, political power or economical problem occurs in society. Those problems can be analyzed by language games as the aspect of postmodernism. It is because people as human beings who live in the world use language as they communicate with each other. It is mentioned by Lucy (1997: 79) that “This or that language-game might change, but „the world‟ never could: because any notion of the „world‟ would be locked inside a particular language-game‟.”

In the term of language games, it includes sublime and legitimation. Language games itself is mentioned by Lyotard (1984: 10) that

What he means by this term is that each of the various categories of utterance can be defined terms of rules specifying their properties and the uses to which they can be put–in exactly the same way as the game of the chess is defined by a set of rules determining the properties of each of the pieces, in other words, the proper way to move them.

In the definition of language games, Lyotard argued that “The last observation bring us to the first principle underlying our method as a whole: to speak to fight, in the sense of playing , and speech acts falls within the domain of a general agonistics.” (1984: 10). In this part, those aspects of postmodernism will be discussed in this study.

The first is legitimation. Lyotard (1984: 8) argued that “Legitimation is the process by which a legislator is authorized to promulgate such a law as a norm.” He also mentioned that

In this case, legitimation is the process by which a “legislator” dealing with scientific discourse is authorized to prescribe the stated conditions (in general, conditions of internal consistency and experimental verification) determining whether a statement is to be included in that discourse for consideration by the scientific community. (1984: 8)

It means that legitimation is an impact of scientific demoralization. It is the condition when the society is developed by the scenarion of the computerization. In this condition, governmental agencies or pirvate firms guide a certain decision for managing telecommunications industry. It mentioned by Lyotard (1984) that

It has been described extensively by the experts and is already guiding certain decisions by the governmental agencies and private firms most directly concerned, such as those managing the telecommunication industry. To some extent, then, it is already a part of observable reality. Finally, barring economic stagnation or a general recession (resulting, for example, from a continued failure to solve the world‟s energy problems), there is a good chance that this scenario will come to pass: it is hard to see what other direction contemporary technology could take as an alternative to the computerization of society.

The second aspect is sublime. Lucy (1997: 35) mentioned that

According to the great eighteenth-century German philosopher Immanuel Kant, in opposition to whose ideas the Romantic period is often (wrongly) defined, the sublime is an order of judgement. The sublime, as distinct from the beautiful or the horrible, is not to be found in nature, but in the mind. While the sublime is both „universally valid‟ and „independent of interest‟, the analytical process by which anything is judged to be sublime is a cultural achievement, not a natural a priori condition. Hence the universal and disinterested sublime is always a product of particular cultural interests: a stormy sea, for example, may be produced as sublime –and therefore universal and disinterested –in the mind of someone (the English Romantic painter J. M. W. Turner, say) whose cultural stock of images of the beautiful and the horrible includes „the stormy sea‟ as an

example of powerful forces, objects or events that induce powerful feelings of fear, delight or grandeur.

It means that the words understood to express an idea is called as sublime, but for a culture it is not a sublime. In another meaning, sublime is words creating an imagination of someone to see a literary work.

C.Theoretical Framework

Theories on setting which are purposed by Abrams, and Harmon are used to map the social condition in the short story as setting. By showing the social condition as setting, this undergraduate thesis will answer the question on how is setting depicted in Bharati Mukherjee‟s The Management of Grief .

Theories on postmodernism which are purposed by Sarup, Lyotard, and Lucy are used to show and see the aspects of postmodernism depicted by the setting on how the social condition depicts those aspects in Bharati Mukherjee‟s The Management of Grief. Besides, this undergraduate thesis can see how this short story can show a new perspective to see problem, the way of communication, and pluralism through aspects of postmodernism.

21 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

A.Object of the Study

The Management of Grief is the final story of fiction book The Middleman and Other Stories written by Bharati Mukherjee, an American author. Mukherjee was born in Calcutta, India. When she was young, she lived in London with her parents and sisters. However, she returned to India in 1951 to study at the universities of Calcutta and Baroda. Then, she studied at the University of Iowa Writers Workshop for her doctorate. She and her husband Clark Blaise lived in Canada for ten years. She has published three novels

The Tiger’s Daughter (1972), Wife (1975), and Jasmine (1989); two story collections Darkness (1985) and The Middleman and Other Stories (1988); two works of non- fiction Days and Nights in Calcutta and The Sorrow and the Terror. The Management of Grief is the story taken from The Middleman and Other Stories. It had recently won the 1988 National Book Critics Circle Award for Fiction.

According to some reviews, The Management of Grief shows the cultural dissonance. It refers to the fact that this short story explores the cultural gap between a Canadian social worker and Indian immigrants in Canada. Besides, this was an actual terrorist bombing of an Air India flight occured in 1985 that was killed 329 passangers and crews. The most of them are Canadians of Indian.

Another review criticizes about the language that is used in the short story. It says that it is unrealistic because all of the characters are Indian, but they speak English. The Management of Grief is accessible to a broad American society.

In this case, this short story focuses on Shaila Bhave, an Indian immigrant, who lost her husband and two sons in terrorist bombing of Air Indian Flight. Besides, this short story pictures the condition of people who lost their relatives. Bhave, who is considered as a brave person to face the condition, helps Templeton to communicate with people in their grief. Then, she manages their grief together with the people who have the same grief. After managing the grief, Bhave continues her new life.

B.Approach of the Study

The short story is analyzed by using Postmodernist Appproach. This approach is perfect for analyzing this study because this undergraduate thesis discusses more about the aspects of postmodernism. In the aspects of postmodernism, there will be discussions about communication, language, and social condition in which postmodernist approach mentioned. Guerin (2005: 300) stated that

Postmodernism questions everything rationalist European philosophy held to be true, arguing that it is all contingent and that most cultural constructions have served the function of empowering members of a dominant social group at the expense of "others." Beginning in the mid-1980s, postmodernism emerged in art, architecture, music, film, literature, sociology, communications, fashion, and other fields.

Postmodernist approach also shows how postmodernism sees social condition through language as “grand narratives.”

Guerin (2005: 300) mentioned that “Societies must have order. Jean -FranÇois Lyotard argues that stability is maintained through “grand narratives” or “master narratives,” stories a culture tells about its practices and beliefs in order to keep going.”

Since this undergraduate thesis sees that The Management of Grief teaches a meaningful way on facing a problematic condition,it is the best to do this study by using postmodernist approach. Postmodernist approach enables this undergraduate thesis to dig deeper about language, pluralism, and culture which are depicted in the social condition of the short story.

C.Method of the Study

In gathering the sources, this undergraduate thesis used a library research. Library research is the most relevant method to use among other methods. The sources are taken from books, journals, texts which are related to the study, and web site references. The primary source is The Management of Grief by Bharati Mukherjee. In analyzing, this undergaraduate thesis needs secondary sources which are two books on literary research, A Glossary Literary Terms Seventh Edition (1999) by Abrams, and A Handbook to Literature 11th Edition (2009) by Harmon, three books on Postmodernism, An Introductory Guide to Post-Structuralism and Postmodernism (1993) by Sarup, Postmodern Literary Theory An Introduction (1997) by Lucy, and The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge ( 1984) by Lyotard. There were more printed and web-based sources related to this study.

There were several steps taken in order to analyze and finish this study. The first step was close reading the primary source The Management of Grief by Baharati Mukherjee. As the primary source was read, studying the elements of the work raised the intention to study the elements deeper. The second step was making list of elements which included social condition, pluralism, and the way of communication. The third step was close reading the secondary sources in order to narrowing this study could be finished. By reading those, the topic was decided to this undergraduate thesis. This would dig more about social condition in Bharati Mukherjee‟s The Management of Grief and relate it with postmodernism.

Problem formulations were made as the guidance for the analysis. Firstly, this undergraduate thesis discussed the depiction of setting. Secondly, this undergraduate thesis observed aspects of postmodernism in social condition are depicted in Bharati Mukherjee‟s The Management of Grief. Finally, after getting through all of the steps, the conclusion was drawn.

25 CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

In this part of the study, the answers for the problem formulation are explained. This part is divided into two subchapters based on the answers of the problem formulation. The first subchapter elaborates the depiction of the setting. This subchapter consists of the setting representing the social condition in the short story towards the accident happening in their life by drawing their life timeline. The setting can be seen in the contexts the story happens. Understanding these help to make a pattern on how the social condition depicted in the story. The second subchapter deals with the aspects of postmodernism. This subchapter elaborates the conflicts happened through the social condition in detail, so that it can be used to reveal the aspects of postmodernism depicted in the social condition in Bharati Mukherjee‟s The Management of Grief.

A.The Depiction of the Setting in The Management of Grief

Before depicting the social condition of this short story which is stated by Abrams, this undergraduate thesis depicts the setting by using Harmon theory to show the specific setting before applying Abrams theory which mentions about social circumstances what this undergraduate thesis attempts to find out. It is because in social circumstances, there are some elements which are place, time, the occupations and daily manner of living of the characters, and

the general environment of the characters. Those elements help to understand how the social condition can be depicted.

Therefore, the setting will be disclosed by applying the theory using the quotations from the short story as the main source of data. To depict the setting, the life timeline of the story is elaborated. This timeline will explain the contexts and events happened. Besides, it is to show the changing condition in the story depicting the problem and conflict. It will explain since the grief to the recovery of the characters.

1. Geographical Location

a. Bhave’s House

In the beginning of the short story, it depicts the condition in Bhave‟s house. There are some people who help Bhave to face the grief. Mukherjee‟s The Management of Grief (1988: 179) mentioned that

A woman I don‟t know is boiling tea the Indian way in my kitchen. There are a lot of women I don‟t know in my kitchen, whispering, and moving tactfully. They open doors, rummage through the pantry, and try not to ask me where things are kept.

From the above quotation, it shows that people‟s conversation and activities occur in the kitchen. Besides, it depicts that there are not only people who lost their families, feel the grief, but also people around them grieving. There are a lot of women, the Sharmas and friends from Indo-Canada Society are in Bhave‟s house to help and accompany her to face the grief. The condition is chaos and panic. It is because there are people who tell about the terrorist bombing, and Bhave‟s and another people‟s condition. Besides, there is a woman, as Bhave‟s friend, named Kusum. Kusum is one

of Bhave‟s friends. She lives across the street from Bhave‟s house. Mukherjee‟s MToG (1988: 181) said that “Kusum lives across the street from me. She and Satish had moved in less than a month ago. They said they needed a larger place.”

In the grief, Bhave and Kusum face this condition together because they are neighborhood. Besides, they are also immigrants from the same country which is India.

b. A Bay in Ireland

A bay in Ireland is a place where Bhave and Kusum express their grief. Mukherjee‟s TMoG (1988: 184) said that

Four days later, I find Kusum squatting on a rock overlooking a bay in Ireland. It isn‟t a big rock, but it just sharply out over water. This is as close as we‟ll ever get to them. June breezes balloon out her sari and unpin her knee-length hair. She has the bewildered look of a sea creature whom the tides have stranded.

From the above quotation, it shows that there is a rock in a bay where Kusum squats on it expressing her feeling. Bhave and Kusum choose to visit this place because they attempt to remember the accident which occured in a bay. It also pictures that in the grief the two women have a hope to find their relatives in the bay. Bhave and Kusum express their grief by ruining their sari in a bay, the place that the accident happened. Mukherjee‟s TMoG (1988: 185) said that

Now I‟ve ruined my sari, one of my best. Kusum has joined me, knee-deep in the water that feels to me like a swimming pool. I could settle in the water, and my husband would take my hand and the boys would slap water in my face just to see me scream.

In this place, they knee-deep and ruin their sari to express their feeling and hope that their families know that they grieve to lose them. Dr. Ranganathan, who also lost his relatives, experiences the sadness as those women feel. He walks to get close with them in the bay. He feels what they feel. It is the reason he tries to join them. Besides, he wants to share his feeling and support them.

In this case, Dr. Ranganathan is one of the widowers from Motreal has another way to face his grief. He brings squashed roses and float them on the water. It is mentioned that “Dr. Ranganathan whips the pockets of his suit jacket inside out. Squashed roses, in darkening shades of pink, float on the water.” (Mukherjee‟s TMoG, 1988: 186). It shows that he attempts to involve the nature in his grief and remember his wife who loves roses.

c. Canada

In Canada, it depicts the condition of the apartment that immigrants live. Mukherjee‟s TMoG (1988: 193) said that

The high-rise apartment is a tower of Indian and West Indians, with a sparkling of Orientals. The nearest bus stop kiosk is lined with women in saris. Boys practice cricket in the parking lot. Inside the building, even I wince a bit from the ferocity of onion fumes, the distinctive and immediate Indianness of frying ghee, but Judith Templeton maintains a steady flow of information. These poor old people are in imminent danger of losing their place and all their services.

The above quotation shows that here are some people who will lose their place and services. Even though it is the high-rise apartment and a tower of Indian and West Indians, there are two rooms which are dark and stuffy because they do not pay the bill. They are old lady and her husband live

inside the building. Both of them are people who will be visited by Templeton and Bhave. As Mukherjee‟s TMoG (1988: 193) said that

The two rooms are dark and stuffy. The lights are off, and an oil lamp sputters on the coffee table. The bent old lady has let us in, and her husband is wrapping a white turban over his oiled, hip-length hair. She immediately goes to the kitchen, and I hear the most familiar sound of an Indian home, tap water hitting and filling a teapot.

They have not paid their utility bills, out of fear and the inability to write a check. The telephone is gone, electricity and gas and water are soon to follow. They have told Judith their sons will provide. They are good boys, and they have always earned and looked after their parents.

Those sentences show the condition of Indian people facing their life in the difficult economic, but they attempt to accept the condition with a hope that their sons will provide what have lost. Besides, it depicts that the condition of the apartment is bad because the services has gone.

2. Occupations and Daily Manner of Living of the Characters a. Treasurer

After seeing the condition, people in Bhave‟s house try to show their emphaty to Bhave without disturbing her. They try to accompany and help Bhave to face the grief. One of people who helps Bhave to manage her grief is Dr. Sharma. He attempts to help Bhave in economic problem. It is because Dr. Sharma is the treasurer of the Indo-Canada Society.

b. Appointee of the Provincial Government

When they execute their tradition, Judith Templeton as an appointee of the provincial government comes to meet Bhave to ask a help. Templeton thinks that Bhave as an immigrant who lost her family in the terrorist bomb has human touch to face another people with the problem. In this case, the social

and political orders come to the short story as the setting. Mukherjee‟s TMoG (1988: 183) mentioned that

“–and with the complications of culture, language, and customs. Someone mentioned that Mrs. Bhave is a pillar–because you‟ve taken it more calmly.”

At this, perhaps, I frown, for she reaches forward, almost to take my hand. “I hope you understand my meaning, Mrs. Bhave. There are hundreds of people in Metro directly affected, like you, and some of them speak no English. There are some widows who‟ve never handled money or gone on a bus, and there are old parents who still haven‟t eaten or gone outside their bedrooms. Some houses and apartments have been looted. Some wives are still hysterical. Some husbands are in shock and profound depression. We want to help, but our hands are tied in so many ways. We have to distribute money to some people, and there are legal documents – these things can be done. We have interpreters, but we don‟t always have the human touch, or maybe the right human touch. We don‟t want to make mistakes, Mrs. Bhave, and that‟s why we‟d like to ask you to help us.” She asks to Bhave‟s help to have a communication with people who are grieving. Templeton wants Bhave to have human touch because she has no experience for facing the problem in which there are the complications of culture, religion, faith, and nation. In this case, it shows that the political and social problems begin. It is because Templeton as a member of an institution can not handle and have no experience to solve a big problem. In this case, Judith does not notice that Bhave is also a person in a grief who needs support. In their grief, Judith Templeton as a Canadian worker offers them a help. After the accident happened, some people who lost their family have to face economic problem, such as losing their place and all their services. Templeton comes to ask them to sign the bank papers in which they will have a provincial trustee to pay their bills, and they will get monthly pension. As Mukherjee‟s TMoG (1988: 194) stated that “Judith asks about the bank

papers, the release forms. With a stroke of the pen, they will have a provincial trustee to pay their bills, invest their money, send them a monthly pension.”

Even though Templeton has offered a help, they still believe that God will provide what they need. Besides, they think signing the forms means that they sign their family‟s death. Even though they face some problems about economic and politic, they still respect the diversity and have a toleration. c. Immigrants

There is a woman as Bhave‟s friend named Kusum. Kusum is one of Bhave‟s friends who has just moved, as immigrant, in Canada. She lives across the street from Bhave‟s house. When the news comes to them, Kusum has a tradition to celebrate her movement to the new house. Mukherjee‟s TMoG (1988: 181) said that “Kusum lives across the street from me. She and Satish had moved in less than a month ago. They said they needed a larger place. All these people, the Sharmas and friends from the Indo-Canada Society, had been there for the housewarming.”

In this condition, Templeton comes to meet Bhave. Even though Bhave is in her grief, she is still polite to treat Judith as a guest. Mukherjee‟s TMoG (1988: 182) mentioned that “She gives me time at least to put on tea water and pick up the mess in the front room. I have a few samosas from Kusum‟s housewarming that I could fry up, but then I think, Why prolong this visit?”

Since Judith visits Bhave to tells the condition of people out there facing their grief, Bhave decides to help Judith anytime she wants to call. Judith will call Bhave again to ask her help after Bhave gets back from a long trip.

Mukherjee‟s TMoG (1988: 184) said that “She asks me if she may call again, after I get back from a long trip that we all must make.”

The quotation indicates that Bhave will have a long trip with another people who are in the grief. The trip they will have is in Ireland. In Ireland, they will try to find the information and story about the accident and their relatives.

After passing their grief, they reconstruct their life. They have culture to execute. It is about marriage for the widows and widowers. Mukherjee‟s TMoG (1988: 190) said that

Already the widowers among us are being shown new bride candidates. They cannot resist the call of custom, the authority of their parents and older brothers. They must marry; it is the duty of a man to look after a wife. The new wives will be young widows with children, destitute but of good family. They will make loving wives, but the man will shun them. The quotation depicts the custom they have after being widows and widowers. They can not avoid the custom because the authority for executing the custom is in their parents and older brothers. In this case, a man has to look after a wife. It does not stop in that process because there are some processes they have to obey as the quote mentioned before. Besides, after they have buried their family, they will return to Canada with a new bride. Mukherjee‟s TMoG (1988: 190) mentioned that “In a month they will have buried one family and returned to Canada with a new bride and partial family.”

3. Time

In this part, it depicts the setting of time in the short story. It begins when they know the news about the terrorist bombing in the plane. Mukherjee‟s TMoG (1988: 179) mentioned that

All morning, the boys have been muttering, Sikh Bomb, Sikh Bomb. The men, not using the word, bow their heads in agreement. Mrs. Sharma touches her forehead at such a word. At least they‟ve stopped talking about space debris and Russian lasers.

The quotation shows the time when they know the news. All morning, boys and people, in Bhave‟s house, mutter and talk about the bomb. Four days later after hearing the news, Bhave and survivors have a long trip to Ireland. When Bhave goes to a bay in Ireland, she finds Kusum is squatting on the rock. Besides, it is in June, the wind breezes Kusum‟s sari and unpin her hair. Mukherjee‟s TMoG (1988: 184) mentioned that

Four days later, I find Kusum squatting on a rock overlooking a bay in Ireland. It isn‟t a big rock, but it just sharply out over water. This is as close as we‟ll ever get to them. June breezes baloon out her sari and unpin her knee-length hair.

After getting the information about their relatives and chronology of the accident in the hospital, Kusum and Bhave go to the bay again. It is at six o‟clock on a Sunday morning. The two women women attempt to find the hope that their families are still alive. Actually, they are desperate for lossing their families after waiting in a hospital room and scanning photographs of the dead. Mukherjee‟s TMoG (1988: 185) mentioned that

“What is that, out there?” She‟s standing and flapping her hands and for a moment I see a head shape bobbing in the waves. She‟s standing in the water, I, on the boulder. The tide is low, and a round, black, head-sized rock has just risen from the waves. She returns, her sari end dripping and

ruined and her face is a twisted remnant of hope, the way mine was a hundred hours ago, still laughing but inwardly knowing that nothing but the ultimate tragedy could bring two women together at six o‟clock on a Sunday morning. I watch her face sag into blankness.

Since the survivors wait for the information about their families, they are still in the hospital to know another photo that policeman and nun may find. It is on the first day or two day the policeman shows them only one photo of relatives they hope to find. Mukherjee‟s TMoG (1988: 188) stated that “The first day or two the policeman showed us relatives only one picture at a time; now they‟re in a hurry, they‟re eager to lay out the possibles, and even the probables.”

Three months pass after Bhave goes on to India from Ireland. Bhave meets her family and friends. She gets power to continue her life from her families and friends. They suggest Bhave to be strong and not to give up. Mukherjee‟s TmoG (1988: 189) said that

Three months pass. Then another.

“Vikram wouldn‟t have wanted you to give up things!” they protest. They call my husband by the name he was born with. In Toronto he‟d changed to Vik so the men he worked with at his office would find his name as easy as Rod or Chris. “You know, the dead aren‟t cut off from us!”

In reconstructing her life, she executes a tradition in her family about a marriage in which the widowers are shown new bride candidates. After executing the tradition, Bhave goes to the tiny Himalayan village. It is on the third day of the sixth month into the odyssey, Bhave makes an offering of flowers and sweetmeats to the god. In that time, she feels that her husband comes.

Kantian sublime is one of the aspects of postmodernism which functions to express people‟s feeling that comes from their mind. It is also the way to exprees what people can not say and describe what they feel.

Besides, the aspects of postmodernism they use in facing and solving their problem is legitimation. It is to influence poeple‟s mind and make the decision. It is shown by Judith Templeton who comes to ask Bhave‟s help to communicate with survivors. She uses legitimation to influence Bhave to help her. In this condition, Bhave as the addresee can accept or refuse the statement of Judith.

From here it can be said that the social condition of the story manifests metanarrative in which it emphasizes the way of their communication influences people‟s feeling and thought to decide and express something.

At last, by seeing the social condition in the short story, this undergraduate thesis concludes the elements of the setting show the social condition of the story which is pluralism. By seeing the pluralism in the story, it links to the aspects of postmodernism in which language games is the way of communication. In this case, language games is used to unify the diversity occuring in the story. It is because the function of the language is to communicate and share the knowledge. By communicating, people can receive and understand the diversity. From the analysis, it also show that the aspects of postmodernism occur in the different condition in which social condition influences people‟s feeling, thought, and experiences.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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APPENDICES

Summary of the Bharati Mukherjee’s The Management of Grief

The Management of Grief is the short story which taken from The Middleman and Other Stories. The Management of Grief , the short story, based on the actual 1985 terrorist bombing of an Air India flight.It explores the cultural gap between Judith Templeton, as an appointee of provincial government, and Sheila Bhave, as an immigrant. Bhave helps Templeton to handle grieving Indo-Canadian immigrants who lost their relatives in the accident.

In The Management of Grief, the problem appears in the beginning of the story. It begins when Bhave knows the news about the terrorist bombing in the plane in which there are her sons and husband. In her depression and grief, she is helped and supported by people surround her. They are Dr. Sharma, as the treasurer of the Indo-Canada Society, and the Sharmas and friends. They are in Bhave‟s house where they tell about the accident and accompany Bhave. Besides, there is also Kusum who lost her relative. Kusum and Bhave support each other to face the grief. In grieving, Judith Templeton comes to ask Bhave to help her in communicating with the other survivors. It is because the government wants to help the survivors to solve economic and social problem. After losing their relatives, some widows have no job and no handle money, some of them will lose their places and services. Bhave shows her human touch by accepting the order. She wants to meet the survivors after getting back from Ireland. It is the place where the accident happened.

In the Ireland, Bhave and the other survivors hope to get the information about the accident and their relatives. Bhave and Kusum choose to go to a bay in Ireland. They express their feelings of grieving. They realize that what happen to their relatives are a fate. They cannot escape from the fate. They have no right to grieve because their relatives are in a better place than they are. Kusum, as a holy person, attempts to support Bhave and herself to accept the fate. She learns the spirit from her swami in Toronto.

In facing the grief, the two women meet Dr. Ranganathan. He is one of them who lost his huge family. They support and suggest that they can pass the problem. They have their own way to express their grief. Bhave and Kusum knee-deep in water. Bhave floats her family‟s things on the water, while Dr. Ranganathan tears the pink roses off creepers in somebody‟s garden. It is because his wife loved pink roses.

After getting the information from the hospital, Bhave is one of the survivors who cannot find her relatives. In her grieving, she meets Irish on the streets of Toronto who support her by giving her hug and showing their emphaty. It shows that the short story depicts the toleration in which they do not differ the race, religion, class, nation, and culture.

Bhave, Kusum, and Dr. Ranganathan begin to manage and reconstruct their lives. Kusum puts her house for sale and lives in an ashram in Hardwar. Dr. Ranganathan has given up his house and job. He accepts an academic position in Texas where no one knows about his story. Bhave manages her grief and begins her new life by facing another problem. First she meets her family. By meeting

her family, she gets a new spirit to continue her life. Besides, she feels that her husband comes to meet her when she is in an tiny temple in Himalaya. She feels that her husband has suggested her by saying that she has to continue her life. Another problem which has to be faced is when she meets families. They will lose their places because they cannot pay the bills. In this case, Judith Templeton attempts to offer the help. They have to sign the bank papers, but they refuse to sign it. They believe in God that God will provide what they need.

Judith Templeton who does not experience the grief cannot handle the situation. Bhave who knows their feelings of losing the relatives attempts to explain it to Templeton, but Templeton does not understand the situation. After this condition, Bhave decides to stop to help Templeton. She has another way to help the survivors. She writes letters to the editors of local papers and members of Parliament that the the accident was bomb. One member of Parliament wants Bhave to work in a campaign to politicize the Indian voter.

In reconstructing her life, Bhave is in a new country to complete what her family and herself have started. She is in the Toronto attempting to assess her situation, how best to live her life. Besides, she makes a new plan to continue her life and experience the voyage of life in her future.