This approach includes gathering information around a question, synthesizing it, and presenting findings to others Moffitt 2001.
2 Cooperative Learning
Cooperative Learning is an approach that organizes instruction using small learning groups in which students work together to achieve leaning goals
Holubec, 2001.
3 Project-based learning
Project-based learning is an approach that focuses on the central concepts and principles of a discipline, involves students in problem-solving investigations
and other meaningful tasks. Allows students to work autonomously to construct their own learning, and culminates in realistic products Buck Institute for
Education, 2001.
4 Service learning
Service learning is an approach that provides a practical application of newly acquired or developing knowledge and skills to need in the community
through projects and activities McPherson, 2001.
5 Work-based learning
Work-based learning is an approach in which workplace, or workplace- like, activities are integrated with classroom content for the benefit of students and
often business Smith, 2001.
c. The Application of Contextual Teaching and Learning
Applying Contextual Teaching and Learning in class will make teachers creative. This happens because teachers need some strategies below to be able to
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apply CTL
in an
effective way,
retrieved from
www.ateec.orgateec_filesdocumentsElementsofContextualTeachingandLearnin g.doc in June 10, 2009
:
1 Problem-based
CTL can begin with a simulated or real problem. Students use critical thinking skills and a systemic approach to inquiry to address the problem or issue.
Students may also draw upon multiple content areas to solve these problems. Worthwhile problems that are relevan
t to students‟ families, school experiences, workplaces, and communities hold greater personal meaning for students. This
problem-based strategy can be applied in the pre-reading stage; it is expected to arise students‟ interest toward the text they are going to read. By presenting
problems or questions, students will get a challenge to solve the problem; this will increase their motivation to understand the whole text.
2 Using multiple contexts
Theories of situated cognition suggest that knowledge cannot be separated from the physical and social context in which it develops. How and where a
person acquires and creates knowledge is therefore very important. CTL experiences are enriched when students learn skills in multiple contexts i.e.
school, community, workplace, family. Using multiple contexts in which the students are involved will directly lead them to remember their past experiences.
By relating their experiences in those contexts, students will comprehend the text more easily.
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3 Drawing upon student diversity
On the whole, our student population is becoming more diverse, and with increased diversity comes differences in values, social mores, and perspectives.
These differences can be the impetus for learning and can add complexity to the CTL experience. Team collaboration and group learning activities respect
students‟ diverse histories, broaden perspectives, and build inter-personal skills. Using students‟ diversity will make the learning process interesting since students
will understand others‟ experiences they have never experienced before.
4 Supporting self-regulated learning
Ultimately, students must become lifelong learners. Lifelong learners are able to seek out, analyze, and use information with little to no supervision. To do
so, students must become more aware how they process information, employ problem-solving strategies, and use background knowledge. CTL experiences
should allow for trial and error; provide time and structure for reflection; and provide adequate support to assist students to move from dependent to
independent learning. Therefore, by giving students practices on using their background knowledge, they will be able to compare between what they already
known with the lesson they learnt in the passage.
5 Using interdependent learning groups
Students will be influenced by and will contribute to the knowledge and beliefs of others. Learning groups, or learning communities, are established in
workplaces and schools in an effort to share knowledge, focus on goals, and allow all to teach and learn from each other. When learning communities are established
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in schools, educators act as coaches, facilitators, and mentors. Understand others experience, comparing with their self experience then it will encourage students to
share the knowledge they have with others.
6 Employing authentic assessment
CTL is intended to build knowledge and skills in meaningful ways by engaging students in real life, or authentic contexts. Assessment of learning
should align with the methods and purposes of instruction. Authentic assessments show among other things that learning has occurred; are blended into the
teachinglearning process; and provide students with opportunities and direction for improvement. Authentic assessment is used to monitor student progress and
inform teaching practices. This strategy is in line with the demand in School- based Curriculum, using authentic materials. This type of text will be more
