Review of Related Studies

12 In her study, Andriani 1987 found that Orwell’s political thought and background influence him in writing. Most of Orwell’s works contain personal experiences in engaging in some political events. He spent all his life in the year of World War II. As a writer, Orwell starts to record what he feels about a lot of things and his experiences in his essay and novels. Orwell hates imperialism and he feels that he wants to escape from it and from every form of man’s dominion over man. After conducting her biographical research, Andriani concludes that Orwell’s purpose in writing Nineteen Eighty-four is to warn the readers of the danger of totalitarianism when it is practiced p. 52. The second related study is Adiyanti’s thesis entitled Arts and Religion as Threats for a Totalitarian Power as Seen in George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty- four . Unlike the first study which focuses on the Orwell’s biography and his motives in writing Nineteen Eighty-Four, in the study Adiyanti seeks to scrutinize the profound link between art and religion related on totalitarian power. Based on the Adiyanti’s analysis, the conclusion that can be drawn is that the presence of arts and religion may become threats for a totalitarian regime in the efforts to maintain their power. Empirically, both arts and religion are able to open people’s eyes. They share ideas or concepts that can drive human mind to take action. On the other hand, the target of a totalitarian regime is to gain control over human mind. Therefore under the regime arts and religion are strictly controlled and limited. Realizing the capability of arts and religion, they are made to be compatible with government. Thus, arts and religion are employed as means to spread government’s ideology 1998, p. 56. 13 I would like to see from a deeper perspective on art and religion in the limited existence and repression as a part of structural violence. The study of oppression and violence would be more complete if the structures that maintain the oppression and violence are also dismantled. In this present study, I discover a new aspect of the novel that has not been discussed and analyzed in those two previous studies. It pays more attention to totalitarian state and its relation with the structural violence as the main problem in this novel. This research figures out how the action of structural violence is maintained in the totalitarian state.

B. Review of Related Theories

This part discusses the theories conducted in this study. The major theory applied in this study is the theory of critical approaches, which focus on sociological approach, theory on setting, theory on character, the theory of state, the theory on totalitarianism, and the theory of structural violence.

1. Sociological Approach

Sociology is an objective and scientific study of human social institutions and its processes. Sociology figures out how society is possible, how it progresses, and how it survives by studying social institutions and all economic issues, religion, politics, etc. in a social structure Giddens, Duneier, Applebaum, 2007, p. 5. Indeed, sociology and literature share the same problem. As well as sociology, literature is also dealing with human beings in society as human’s 14 effort for adapting their self and customizing their society in order to make it developed progressively Damono, 1979. Thus, the novel can be regarded as an attempt to recreate the social world of human relations with the society, the environment, politics, the state, the economy, which is also a matter for sociology. It can be concluded that sociology can provide helpful explanations about literature, and even can be said that without sociology, understanding literature would be incomplete Faruk, 1994. The sociological approach is applied in this study because the purpose of it is to improve understanding of the literature in relation to the society, explaining that the fiction is not contrary to the reality, in this case, literature is constructed imaginatively, but the imaginative framework cannot be understood outside the empirical framework. Furthermore, literature is not merely an individual phenomenon but also a social phenomenon. It is “a social institution, using as its medium language, a social creation. They are conventions and norm which could have arisen only in society” Wellek Warren, 1964, p. 94. The sociological approach in literature observes art and literature as an integral part of the society. Thus, as Lucaks 1962 says, the sociological approach in literature concerned with aspects of documentary literature, which means, essentially it is concrete social phenomena, occur around us every day, can be observed, photographed, and documented. The phenomenon is re-elected by the author as a new discourse with the creative process observation, analysis, interpretation, reflection, imagination, and evaluation in the form of literary works.