26 the policies the government promote. They are obliged to devote their life for the
existence of the party ideology.
c. A System of Terror
Terror is used to realized a total domination of humankind and maintain a regime’s power. The secret police and the party commonly exercise terror toward
the citizens and the member of the party suspected as the opponents of the party’s ideology. With this method, an authority attempts to vanish everybody who wants
to opposite the regime’s ideal. Terror can be an instrument to abolish “objective enemies”, the ones who do not betray the party’s ideology, but are viewed as the
owner of negative tendencies.
d. A Monopoly of Mass Communication
In the totalitarian state, the ruling regimes usually hold the monopoly of the media. They control “all means of effective mass communication”, such as
radio, motion, picture and press.
e. A Monopoly of Weapons
As seen in modern states, the ruling regimes invariably monopolize in terms of weapons. They legitimate themselves as the ones who own an
opportunity in applying the state’s armaments.
f. A Monopoly of Economy
Aside from having an entire power in mass community and weapons, the ruling regime also acts as the controller and director of the state’s economy. They
urge the manager of an enterprise neither to thinks of a profit and fulfil the consumer’s needs and demands. In other words, the ruling regimes make an
27 economic policy that is not directed for the purpose of the citizens but it is for the
regime’s benefit.
6. Structural Violence
Violence, in sociological discussion, is any acts which are intended to cause physical and mental pain or serious injury to another person Cheal, 2002.
The Encyclopaedia of Psychology 1994 defines violence as harm caused to persons, destruction of property, violent intentions, and specific other behaviour.
In understanding violence, Galtung combines actor-oriented analysis with structure-oriented analysis Windhu, 1992. It means that violence occurred in
society are not only caused by individual mistake but also structural error. The factor to be blamed is not only on one person but also on the social structure
which shapes that person. Between actors and structures there should be a balanced interaction because both of them actually influence each other Windhu,
1992, p. 29. Johan Galtung, a Norwegian peace researcher, is the first researcher who
proposed the theory of structural violence Barash Webel, 2009. Galtung is considered as the contemporary founder of peace and conflict studies and has
contributed greatly to initiating and articulating discourses of peace and violence. Galtung 1990 constructs a typology of violence with three categories: personal,
cultural and structural. He defines violence as the avoidable disparity between the potential ability to fulfil basic needs and their actual fulfilment due to economic
and political structures.
