36
C. Method of Study
A library research was applied to conduct the study. It means that the data needed were collected from various references and other important sources. The
primary source used was the novel Nineteen Eighty-four, written by George Orwell. The secondary sources were books providing the discussions of literature,
totalitarianism, state and its apparatuses, and structural violence perspectives. In analyzing the questions as stated in the problem formulation, the
researcher took some steps. Firstly, the writer read carefully the novel to comprehend well the novel. Secondly, the writer decided the topic of the
discussion; it was structural violence perspectives, to formulate the problems. The next step was to find data on sociology in general, totalitarian state and structural
violence perspective from books, electronic books, and from other electronic sources compiled from the internet. These data gathered were to support the facts
that were wanted to be found. After the supporting data were collected, the writer reread the novel, underlined important parts found in the novel related to the
study, and took some important notes carefully. From the rereading, the writer found some facts related to the structural violence towards the citizen characters
live as described in the novel. The theory used in this study was sociology theories because structural
violence actions were put into sociology domains. Structural violence, therefore, were parts of sociological studies as they were phenomena found in a society and
its social structure. The conclusion, at last, was drawn based on the analysis of the
37 problem formulated. Related to the author’s biography and facts about the novel,
the writer gathered information from the internet.
38
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS
This thesis aims at answering the aforementioned problems in the previous chapter, they are finding out the institutions of the totalitarian state in which the
structural violence is established and at finding out structural violence toward citizen in totalitarian state as reflected in the novel under the light of sociological
views. Firstly, this study tries to find the institutions of the totalitarian state in which the structural violence is established. Secondly, it is to find the structural
violence towards citizens within the life of totalitarian state as described in the novel. Sociological approach and related theories are the basis for the data
findings of those two proposed problems.
A. The Institutions of the Totalitarian State in which the Structural
Violence toward Citizens is Established
In this subchapter, the discussion provides the explanation of some cases happened in the story in order to understand through what institution of
totalitarian state the structural violence towards citizen is established. Following Galtung’s recommendation in studying violence, combining
structure-oriented analysis with actor-oriented analysis is applied in this analysis chapter. The structure-oriented analysis needs to regard the social structure’s
elements which establish structural violence in the novel’s setting. As the title
39 indicates, the story is set in 1984 in Airstrip One England which is a part of
Oceania. The country is ruled by the Party which is led by Big Brother. The population of the country is divided into three groups. Those are Inner Party,
Outer Party and Proles. The Party uses indoctrination, propaganda and fear to establish order and conformity through its state institutions.
The social structure analyzed this chapter is totalitarian state’s structure which shaped from state institutions as seen in the novel. To recognize the state
structure and the institutions that shape it, the writer uses Althusser’s concept of state apparatus. According to Althusser, the state actually has two kinds of state
apparatuses. To maintain the State’s existence hegemony, the State does not merely needs physical force repressive state apparatus, but also ideological force
ideological state apparatus. The reason is the state needs to plant its ideology on the heads of the people so that the people will help the state to continue its power.
The use of physical force in the repressive state apparatus is no longer the centre of the state’s effort for hegemony.
Specifically, according to Althusser 1971, repressive state apparatus RSA consists of federal police, courts, prisons, etc.. While ideological state
apparatus ISA is composed of several specialized institutions such as religious institutions, educational institutions, family, political institutions, trade
institutions, communication institutions, and the last cultural institutions. In accordance with state institution theory, Arendt 1959 state that
technically totalitarian regime monopolized mass communication and weapons and centralized the control of economy. Under the dictatorial leader, its institution
Kategori