9 administration, and technology, to monopolize and control every aspect of life of
a society, private thought control through propaganda, indoctrination, and ritual as well as public Ritter, 1986, p.430-432. In this study, totalitarian is defined as
the description of the state, regime, ideology, and any political party leaders who want transformation and total control in the society.
3. Violence
Violence is any acts which are intended to cause physical and mental pain or serious injury to another person. It is harm caused to persons, destruction of
property, violent intentions, and specific other behaviour Corsini, 1994. In this study, violence refers to the harmful actions and intentions, both physical and
mental ones, of state towards the citizen characters in the novel.
4. Structural Violence
Structural violence is a situation causes high unbalances on resources, education, personal income, intellectuality, justice, and authority to make
communal decision. This situation influences person’s physical and psychology. In general, structural violence victims do not realize it because of the system that
makes them familiar with the situation Galtung, 1969, pp. 167-169.In this study structural violence refers to the violence done by an individual unit or a group
through the system of law, economic, education, and norm order in society. Therefore, this violence is difficult to be recognized.
5. Citizen
Citizens are the people who settled in the region and certain people in conjunction with the state. In the relationship between citizens and the state,
10 citizens have obligations to the state and the citizens also have rights that must be
granted and protected by the state. Merriam Webster Online Encyclopaedia, 2014. In this thesis, the definition of citizen refers to all the characters, which live
in Oceania, a totalitarian state in Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four.
6. State Institution
In this study state institutions are divided into two fields of State Apparatuses, Repressive State Apparatus and Ideological State Apparatus.
Repressive State Apparatus institutions consist of police, courts, prisons, etc.. While ideological State Apparatus ISA is composed of several specialized
institutions such as religious institutions, educational institutions, family, political institutions, trade institutions, communication institutions, and cultural
institutions.
