17 Based on those characteristics of CLT, the writer focused on and used
those characteristics namely: information gap, choice, and feedback as the basic idea of the materials which were designed. The writer did not ignore those
characteristics because the main method which was used in designing a set of English Speaking materials was CLT. Those aspects are related to the designed
materials.
c. The Nature of Interaction
According to Larsen and Freeman 2000, p. 130, there are two kinds of interaction in CLT. The first one is student-teacher interaction, and the second one
is student-student interaction. In student-teacher interaction, the teacher may present some parts of the lesson, at other times, heshe is the facilitator of the
activities. Sometimes teacher is a co-communicator, but more often heshe establishes situations that prompt communication between and among the
students. In student-student interaction, students interact a great deal with one another. They do this interaction in various configurations, such as in: pairs,
triads, small groups, and whole group. In addition, a small group work can be regarded as an important tenet of
CLT Ozservik, 2010. Johnson 1998 says that CLT itself describes the nature of the language and of the language learning and teaching as cited in Hunter, 2009.
The materials which were designed, of course, had those kinds of interactions of CLT, such as in pairs, triads, small groups, and whole groups for the activities in
class. CLT refers to speaking and the writer also explains more about speaking in the next part.
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3. Speaking
This study is entitled as designing a set of English Speaking instructional material using mind mapping for the 11
th
grade students of SMA N 1 Ngaglik. Thus, in this study, speaking skill is the base theory that will be discussed. There
are two kinds of material that will be discussed, namely the nature of speaking and teaching speaking.
a. The Nature of Speaking
Nunan 1989, p. 26-27 and Brown 1983 begin their discussion on the nature of spoken language by distinguishing between spoken and written
language. Spoken language consists of short, often fragmentary utterances, in a large of pronunciations. While, written language is characterized by well-formed
sentences which are integrated into highly structured paragraphs. Louma 2004 states the variation within spoken language use. The first is
purpose of talk, which is represented by talking to chat and talking to inform that is quoted from Brown 2004. Louma 2004, p. 22 says that Brown, Anderson,
Shillhock, and Yule 1984 define chatting as the exchange of amicable conversational turn with another speaker. The primary purpose is to make and
maintain social contact, to oil the social wheels, and thus chatting forms a large part of anyone‟s social life.
The next is speaking situation, which is represented by talking in different social situation that is quoted from Hymes. According to Louma 2004, it
summarizes the concerns about social and situational context into a framework
that forms the acronym SPEAKING which stands for: Situation the physical
