Pragmatic Competence The Translation Competence of Non-medical Department Student and

68 6TTA 6TTB 23 dari total bayi yang terlahir dengan lumpuh otak dan mampu bertahan hidup justru masuk dalam golongan bayi tunggal bukan bayi kembar yang tidak lahir prematur. Golongan ini sendiri, yang secara persentase mencapai 96, belum benar-benar diteliti secara mendalam. Banyak kepustakaan, termasuk kepustakaan medis, yang menyebutkan bahwa salah satu penyebab lumpuh otak adalah afiksia. 96 bayi yang lahir tunggal pada usia kehamilan 35 minggu atau lebih, yang merupakan 23 dari jumlah bayi dengan CP, kurang diteliti lebih jauh sehingga banyak literatur medis tentang penyebab CP lebih sering berfokus pada peranan asfiksia bayi baru lahir. It seems that NM misinterprets “singletons born at or after 35 weeks.” He concludes it into “bayi tunggal yang tidak lahir prematur.” According to Dorland Dictionary, term infant is born between 37 until 42 weeks. It means that infant born before 37 weeks belongs to preterm infant, and “singleton born at or after 35 weeks” cannot be concluded into “bayi tunggal yang tidak lahir premature” since it actually refers to three groups of infant: preterm, term and postterm infants. By this mistake, 6TTA cannot be regarded sharing the same idea with 6ST. The vocabulary and the arrangement of this sentence makes the meaning of 6TTB equivalent with 6ST. It is thought that M can convey the clear message toward readers. 7ST: Continuous electronic fetal monitoring during labor was introduced to identify fetal asphyxia, with the expectation that timely intervention would prevent cerebral palsy. 7TTA 7TTB Pemantauan janin berkelanjutan secara elektronik kemudian digunakan untuk mengidentifkasi afiksia. Hal ini diharapkan mampu mencegah terjadinya lumpuh otak. Pengawasan janin secara elektrikal dan terus menerus selama proses persalinan diperkenalkan untuk mengidentifikasi kejadian asfiksia pada bayi dengan harapan bahwa intervensi pada waktu yang tepat akan dapat mencegah CP. 69 As seen in 7TTA, “hal ini” refers to “pemantauan janin berkelanjutan secara elektronik.” In fact, “hal ini” is the translation of “timely intervention.” On the other words, it actually refers to timely intervention of continuous electronic fetal monitoring. Without providing the description of timely intervention, “hal ini” cannot substitute the actual meaning. By this inappropriate meaning, mostly participants do not vote for 7TTA. The translation of 7TTB achieves the intended meaning in TL since it contains all the message without omitting the important ones. It is supported by participants who read this. Four of them agree that this sentence is better in transferring the idea. 8ST: Despite there being a marked increase in surgical deliveries associated with fetal monitoring, as well as accompanying increases in risks and costs, there has been no decrease in the numbers of live births with cerebral palsy over the past three decades. 8TTA 8TTB Meskipun terdapat peningkatan angka kelahiran sesar yang dikaitkan dengan pemantauan janin ini, juga mengakibatkan peningkatan resiko dan biaya persalinan, angka bayi yang lahir dengan kasus lumpuh otak dalam tiga puluh tahun terakhir tidak mengalami penurunan. Meskipun ada peningkatan bermakna pada kejadian seksio sesaria terkait pemantauan janin, sejalan juga dengan peningkatan risiko dan biayanya, tidak ada penurunan angka kelahiran hidup dengan CP selama dari 3 dekade. The meaning of 8TTA is equivalent with 8ST even though there is inappropriatness in deciding the vocabulary as seen in “peningkatan angka.” Nonetheless, this does not change the meaning of the whole sentence. It is also proven by four participants who think that it is more enjoyable to read. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 70 “Peningkatan bermakna” in 8TTB is not suitable to fit in this sentence. If translated into “peningkatan yang jelas”, this sentence will be better. Even though there is minor error found in this sentence, this does not affects the meaning of it. The meaning of 8TTB is still equivalent with original sentence. 9ST: Controlled studies in human populations have shown important prenatal antecedents of cerebral palsy. 9TTA 9TTB Studi kasus kontrol dalam bidang populasi manusia telah menunjukkan pemicu-pemicu penting kasus lumpuh otak yang bersifat pranatal. Studi terkontrol pada populasi manusia telah menunjukkan adanya hal penting yaitu adanya CP pada masa prenatal. By using clear and lay description in translating 9TTA, NM is able to transfer the message of original sentence correctly. This is also supported by four participants who vote for this readability. “Adanya hal penting” as seen in 9TTB addresses to important antecedents. This phrase cannot represent the meaning of original phrase. It is better to translate it into “adanya penyebab penting.” This sentence means that important antecedent that is shown by controlled study in human population is cerebral palsy in prenatal period. In fact, the intended meaning of ST is that important prenatal antecedents of cerebral palsy has shown. By this diference meaning, 9TTB is regarded not equivalent with 9ST. These errors are also paid attention by participants. This sentence is only chosen by two people. 10ST: A 2004 report concluded, “Evidence suggests that 70 to 80 of CP [cerebral palsy] cases are due to prenatal factors and that birth asphyxia plays a relatively minor role 10.” PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 71 10TTA 10TTB Sebuah hasil penelitian tahun 2004 menyatakan bahwa 70 - 80 kasus ini dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor pranatal dan afiksia juga tidak memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan 10. Laporan tahun 2004 menyimpulkan bahwa 70 sampai 80 kasus CP disebabkan oleh faktor prenatal dan asfiksia bayi baru lahir hanya berperan kecil 10 pada CP 10TTA represents the same meaning with 10ST. Even though this translation is slight different with 10TTB, this is only voted by one participant which means that this translation less readable. 10TTB shares the same meaning with 10ST. It is supported by the use of appropriate vocabularies. There are clearer explanation provided in this sentence such as “asfiksia bayi baru lahir” and “hanya berperan kecil pada CP.

4. Strategic Competence

1ST: Prenatal Factors in Singletons with Cerebral Palsy Born at or near Term 1TTA 1TTB Faktor-Faktor Pranatal Pemicu Lumpuh Otak Pada Bayi Tunggal Non-Prematur Faktor prenatal bayi dengan CP pada kehamilan tunggal aterm atau preterm NM uses literal translation method in translating 1TTA. It is seen in the phrases “prenatal factor”, “cerebral palsy”, and “at or near term.” These phrases are translated word by word first and these are adjusted into TL form. Since “at or near term” is mistranslated, it means that NM is unable to overcome the problem in this sentence. Since CP, the acronym of “cerebral palsy” as seen in 1TTB borrows original term and it is not changed into TL term, this phrase belongs to faithful translation method. This method is applied in order to maintain the the sense of 72 the terms. Besides that term, other terms are translated by using literal translation method such as “faktor prenatal” and “aterm atau preterm.” “Aterm atau preterm” is terms usually used in Indonesian medical field. It can be seen that M is able to translate this sentence accurately by using two methods in one sentence. 2ST: Cerebral palsy, a congenital motor disability of cerebral origin, is a group of lifelong movement disorders affecting about 2 of every 1000 children. 2TTA 2TTB Suatu gangguan saraf motorik bersifat bawaan lahir yang dikenal dengan lumpuh otak merupakan salah satu kondisi medis seumur hidup yang menyerang dua dari seribu anak. Cerebral palsy, kelainan bawaan berupa ketidakmampuan secara motorik yang murni bersumber dari otak, adalah sekelompok kelainan gerak yang biasa dialami oleh 2 dari 1000 anak. Literal translation method is used in 2TTA as seen in “suatu gangguan saraf motorik bersifat bawaan lahir” and “salah satu kondisi medis seumur hidup yang menyerang dua dari seribu anak.” These terms are translated appropriately. There is an error in this sentence since “cerebral origin” is untranslated. M also applies literal translation method in translating “kelainan bawaan berupa ketidakmampuan secara motorik yang murni bersumber dari otak” and “sekelompok kelainan gerak yang biasa dialami oleh 2 dari 1000 anak.” These two phrases can be easily understood since these are not translated word by word only, but also formed into well structure in TL. 3ST: Although defined as a motor disorder, cerebral palsy is often accompanied by intellectual deficits, epilepsy, and sensory disabilities. 3TTA 3TTB Walaupun didefinisikan sebagai gangguan motorik, lumpuh otak juga seringkali disertai dengan cacat intelektual, epilepsi, dan gangguan pancaindra. Walaupun disebut kelaianan motorik, CP sering dihubungkan dengan defisit intelektual, epilepsi dan ketidakmampuan secara sensorik. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 73 As seen in 3TTA “gangguan motorik”, “cacat intelektual”, “epilepsy”, and “gangguan pancaindra” are the medical terms translated by applying literal translation method. In the beginning those terms are translated one by one, and then NM makes some changes to adjust with TL structure Catford, 1974: 25. The meaning of the terms applied with this method is the same with ST. M also uses literal method in rendering “kelaianan motorik”, “defisit intelektual”, “epilepsy” and “ketidakmampuan secara sensorik.” If translated by using word-for-word method, motor disorder will be “motorik kelainan.” In order to produce naturalness in TT, this phrase is reformed into “kelainan motorik.” 4ST: Gestational age at birth is strongly associated with cerebral palsy, with a prevalence among term infants that is about one fortieth the prevalence among extremely preterm survivors 4TTA 4TTB Satu hal yang seringkali dikaitkan dengan kasus lumpuh otak adalah usia kandungan ketika bayi dilahirkan. Lazimnya dari jumlah bayi yang terlahir prematur dan mampu bertahan hidup, kasus ini bisa terjadi pada seperempat dari jumlah tersebut. Usia kehamilan saat kelahiran bayi sangat kuat hubungannya dengan CP. Bayi yang lahir dengan usia kehamilan cukup bulan memiliki kemampuan bertahan lebih baik, dengan angka kejadian pada bayi cukup bulan adalah 1 dari 40 bayi sangat prematur yang bertahan hidup. As seen in 4TTA, NM paraphrases the original sentence and divides it into two. Meaning to say, the method used here is free translation. This translation demonstrates general ability to overcome translation problems. It emphasizes on the content, but the intended meaning is not conveyed. It is because NM omits some crucial information such as in “jumlah tersebut.” The reference of tersebut should be furtherly described in order to give clear explanation toward reader. Besides, “one fortieth” is mistranslated into “seperempat.” PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 74 4TTB is rendered by using literal method. It seems that in her first decision making, she translates it word by word and then reconstructs the sentence based on TL form. There is inappropriate translation as seen in “dengan angka kejadian pada bayi cukup bulan adalah 1 dari 40 bayi sangat prematur yang bertahan hidup.” Besides, there are no major errors in this sentence by using this translation method. 5ST: Research has focused on very preterm infants, as warranted by the high individual risk faced by such infants, but less than 0.4 of neonatal survivors are born before 28 weeks of gestation. 5TTA 5TTB Para peneliti kemudian memfokuskan perhatian mereka pada kelahiran- kelahiran prematur ekstrem 28 minggu mengingat bayi yang terlahir prematur diperkirakan memiliki resiko lumpuh otak yang lebih tinggi. Namun, ternyata hanya terdapat kurang dari 0.4 bayi prematur ekstrem yang bertahan hidup. Penelitian telah memfokuskan pada bayi sangat prematur, sesuai dengan tingginya risiko individual yang dihadapi bayi tersebut, tapi ternyata kurang dari 0.4 neonatus yang bertahan adalah neonatus yang lahir pada usia kehamilan 28 minggu. NM puts “28 minggu” in the first sentence as addition information and divides 5TTA into two sentences. Nonetheless, it still belongs to literal translation method because the translation is translated word by word and then the sentence is modified into TL structure. M produces 5TTB by using literal method as well as seen in “bayi sangat prematur,” “dan “neonatus yang bertahan.” She looks for the equivalence and produces the sentence based on TL structure. It seems that M is able to produce creative solution in translating this sentence. 75 6ST: The 96 of singletons born at or after 35 weeks of gestation, who account for two thirds of newborns with cerebral palsy, have been less extensively studied, and for them, much of the medical and lay literature on the causes of cerebral palsy remains focused on the contribution of birth asphyxia. 6TTA 6TTB 23 dari total bayi yang terlahir dengan lumpuh otak dan mampu bertahan hidup justru masuk dalam golongan bayi tunggal bukan bayi kembar yang tidak lahir prematur. Golongan ini sendiri, yang secara persentase mencapai 96, belum benar-benar diteliti secara mendalam. Banyak kepustakaan, termasuk kepustakaan medis, yang menyebutkan bahwa salah satu penyebab lumpuh otak adalah afiksia. 96 bayi yang lahir tunggal pada usia kehamilan 35 minggu atau lebih, yang merupakan 23 dari jumlah bayi dengan CP, kurang diteliti lebih jauh sehingga banyak literatur medis tentang penyebab CP lebih sering berfokus pada peranan asfiksia bayi baru lahir. Free translation is the method applied in 6TTA. It is seen by the differences of sentence formation. He concludes the original sentence and reproduces it into new formation. In applying this method, the translator is free to produce the new sentence as long as the message is conveyed. The method used in in 6TTB is literal translation method. M modifies the word formation from the original sentence. “Contribution of birth asphyxia” is translated into “peranan afiksia bayi baru lahir.” This formation has been adjusted into TL structure, otherwise it will be “peranan baru lahir afiksia.” 7ST: Continuous electronic fetal monitoring during labor was introduced to identify fetal asphyxia, with the expectation that timely intervention would prevent cerebral palsy. 7TTA 7TTB Pemantauan janin berkelanjutan secara elektronik kemudian digunakan untuk mengidentifkasi afiksia. Hal ini diharapkan mampu mencegah terjadinya lumpuh otak. Pengawasan janin secara elektrikal dan terus menerus selama proses persalinan diperkenalkan untuk mengidentifikasi kejadian asfiksia pada bayi, dengan harapan bahwa intervensi pada waktu yang tepat akan dapat mencegah CP.