Linguistic Competence The Translation Competence of Non-medical Department Student and

54 punctuation mistake in 5TTA. The comma should be put before “namun”. It should be written like this “….yang lebih tinggi, namun ternyata…”. Those two sentence are better united. In 5TTB the verb “memfokuskan” is not suitable with the subject because the use of “memfokuskan” is more appropriate to apply when the subject is animate. “Penelitian” is not animate. There are two possibilities to improve the sentence either “penelitian telah berfokus pada….” or “para peneliti telah memfokuskan pada….” The vocabulary used in translating “bayi sangat prematur” dan “neonatus yang bertahan” is suitable since it has the same meaning with ST vocabulary. 6ST: The 96 of singletons born at or after 35 weeks of gestation, who account for two thirds of newborns with cerebral palsy, have been less extensively studied, and for them, much of the medical and lay literature on the causes of cerebral palsy remains focused on the contribution of birth asphyxia. 6TTA 6TTB 23 dari total bayi yang terlahir dengan lumpuh otak dan mampu bertahan hidup justru masuk dalam golongan bayi tunggal bukan bayi kembar yang tidak lahir prematur. Golongan ini sendiri, yang secara persentase mencapai 96, belum benar-benar diteliti secara mendalam. Banyak kepustakaan, termasuk kepustakaan medis, yang menyebutkan bahwa salah satu penyebab lumpuh otak adalah afiksia. 96 bayi yang lahir tunggal pada usia kehamilan 35 minggu atau lebih, yang merupakan 23 dari jumlah bayi dengan CP, kurang diteliti lebih jauh sehingga banyak literatur medis tentang penyebab CP lebih sering berfokus pada peranan asfiksia bayi baru lahir. There is a spelling mistake in translating the term “asphyxia”. In TL “asphyxia” is naturalized into “asfiksia”, not “afiksia.” There is an error punctuation in “….kepustakaan medis, yang menyebutkan…..” The comma should be omitted because it is not needed. 55 There are no punctuation and spelling mistakes occur in 6TTB. The word “asfiksia” is spelled in a proper way in TL. 7ST: Continuous electronic fetal monitoring during labor was introduced to identify fetal asphyxia, with the expectation that timely intervention would prevent cerebral palsy. 7TTA 7TTB Pemantauan janin berkelanjutan secara elektronik kemudian digunakan untuk mengidentifkasi afiksia. Hal ini diharapkan mampu mencegah terjadinya lumpuh otak. Pengawasan janin secara elektrikal dan terus menerus selama proses persalinan diperkenalkan untuk mengidentifikasi kejadian asfiksia pada bayi, dengan harapan bahwa intervensi pada waktu yang tepat akan dapat mencegah CP. In 7TTA “pemantauan janin berkelanjutan secara elektronik” is translated appropriately. “During labor” is omitted in the translation of TT. It should be described since it is an important information. Besides, the translation of “timely inversion” is not appropriate. “Hal ini” cannot render the meaning of “timely inversion”. It should be changed into “penanganan yang tepat”. There is no punctuation error at all. No punctuation mistakes found in 7TTB. The word “elektrikal” in 7TTB is improper in TL. According to KBBI Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia the appropriate vocabulary is “elektronik”. M is inconsistent when translating “fetal”. In the first “fetal”, she translates it into “janin”, but in the next it is changed into “bayi”. “Janin” and “bayi” represents different meaning in TL. The actual meaning of “fetal” is relating to unborn human being, meanwhile in TT bayi has the same meaning with infant. So the equivalent for fetal in TL is “janin”. The word “intervensi” is accepted since it is the naturalization form of “intervention”. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 56 8ST: Despite there being a marked increase in surgical deliveries associated with fetal monitoring, as well as accompanying increases in risks and costs, there has been no decrease in the numbers of live births with cerebral palsy over the past three decades. 8TTA 8TTB Meskipun terdapat peningkatan angka kelahiran sesar yang dikaitkan dengan pemantauan janin ini, juga mengakibatkan peningkatan resiko dan biaya persalinan, angka bayi yang lahir dengan kasus lumpuh otak dalam tiga puluh tahun terakhir tidak mengalami penurunan. Meskipun ada peningkatan bermakna pada kejadian seksio sesaria terkait pemantauan janin, sejalan juga dengan peningkatan risiko dan biayanya, tidak ada penurunan angka kelahiran hidup dengan CP selama dari 3 dekade. The vocabulary of “kelahiran sesar” is proper since that term shares the same meaning with “surgical delivery”. “Angka bayi yang lahir” is an inappropriate vocabulary because the equivalent in TL is “angka kelahiran bayi”. This sentence has no punctuation mistake and error spelling. The word “marked increase” is more appropriate if translated into “peningkatan angka” instead of “peningkatan bermakna”. “Seksio sesaria” is accepted as well because this term is the application of LBT. There is no spelling mistakes or punctuation errors occur in 8TTB. 9ST: Controlled studies in human populations have shown important prenatal antecedents of cerebral palsy. 9TTA 9TTB Studi kasus kontrol dalam bidang populasi manusia telah menunjukkan pemicu-pemicu penting kasus lumpuh otak yang bersifat pranatal. Studi terkontrol pada populasi manusia telah menunjukkan adanya hal penting yaitu adanya CP pada masa prenatal. NM translates “controlled studies” into “studi kasus kontrol” which means that he shifts the use of past participle as adjective. This term is improper and it should be changed into “studi kasus terkontrol.” The word “pemicu- PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 57 pemicu” is equivalent with the original word, “antecedent.” No spelling and punctuation mistakes occur in this sentence. There are no spelling or punctuation mistakes in 9TTB. The translation of “studi terkontrol” is grammatically correct, but in TL the accepted and known translation is “studi kasus terkontrol”, with the addition of “kasus.” Inappropriateness is seen when M translates “antecedent” into hal. Hal cannot describe the meaning of “antecedent.” It should be changed into “pemicu” or “faktor penyebab.” There are two repetition of the word “adanya” that makes the sentence seem unsuitable. The word “adanya” should be omitted once, so the revised sentence can be like this “studi kasus terkontrol pada populasi manusia telah menunjukkan adanya faktor-faktor prenatal penting penyebab lumpuh otak.” 10ST: A 2004 report concluded, “Evidence suggests that 70 to 80 of CP [cerebral palsy] cases are due to prenatal factors and that birth asphyxia plays a relatively minor role 10.” 10TTA 10TTB Sebuah hasil penelitian tahun 2004 menyatakan bahwa 70 - 80 kasus ini dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor pranatal dan afiksia juga tidak memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan 10. Laporan tahun 2004 menyimpulkan bahwa 70 sampai 80 kasus CP disebabkan oleh faktor prenatal dan asfiksia bayi baru lahir hanya berperan kecil 10 pada CP The addressing of “kasus ini” as seen in 10TTA is correct as well because “ini” refers to the case mentioned in the previous sentence. The word “tidak signifikan” is appropriate since that word means small enough to be noticed or have an effect. There are no punctuation and spelling mistakes occur in this sentence. The vocabulary of CP in 10TTB is still appropriate. She uses singular form in translating factors into faktor. She should pay attention whether the noun PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 58 is singular or plural. The word “prenatal” is suitable since it is an adjective. The spelling and the use of punctuation is appropriate in this sentence.

2. Textual Competence

1ST: Prenatal Factors in Singletons with Cerebral Palsy Born at or near Term 1TTA 1TTB Faktor-Faktor Pranatal Pemicu Lumpuh Otak Pada Bayi Tunggal Non-Prematur Faktor prenatal bayi dengan CP pada kehamilan tunggal aterm atau preterm 1TTA is not coherent with the whole sentences since the meaning of this title is misinterpreted. “Non-prematur” and “at or near term” are not equivalent. In translating title, translator needs to know the idea of the text so that he or she can make the appropriate title briefly in TT. As a title, it cannot represent the meaning of the whole text. The translation of 1TTB is well organized. Besides there is no grammatical mistake occurs in this title, the meaning is also suitable to fit with the whole text. This means that the ST meaning is well conveyed into TL by M. 2ST: Cerebral palsy, a congenital motor disability of cerebral origin, is a group of lifelong movement disorders affecting about 2 of every 1000 children. 2TTA 2TTB Suatu gangguan saraf motorik bersifat bawaan lahir yang dikenal dengan lumpuh otak merupakan salah satu kondisi medis seumur hidup yang menyerang dua dari seribu anak. Cerebral palsy, kelainan bawaan berupa ketidakmampuan secara motorik yang murni bersumber dari otak, adalah sekelompok kelainan gerak yang biasa dialami oleh 2 dari 1000 anak. By omitting “cerebral origin”, it makes the translation clumsy since there is deletion meaning in that term. It flows together well and forms a coherent 59 whole, but it seems that NM cannot perceive the author’s message. “Cerebral origin” should be contained in TT in order to form a complete definition of “cerebral palsy.” 2TTB has good style. By including the important information and using appropriate grammar, vocabulary, and punctuation, it forms a coherent sentence. Meaning to say, M is able to render the meaning of ST in TL in a refine way. 3ST: Although defined as a motor disorder, cerebral palsy is often accompanied by intellectual deficits, epilepsy, and sensory disabilities. 3TTA 3TTB Walaupun didefinisikan sebagai gangguan motorik, lumpuh otak juga seringkali disertai dengan cacat intelektual, epilepsi, dan gangguan pancaindra. Walaupun disebut kelaianan motorik, CP sering dihubungkan dengan defisit intelektual, epilepsi dan ketidakmampuan secara sensorik. 3TTA has the same form and style of the original. Besides using well sentence formation, it uses appropriate discourse maker as seen in translating “although” into “walaupun.” The translation of 3TTB is almost similar with the translation done by NM. The formation of this sentence is well arranged. It uses the same discourse maker in translating “although” into “walaupun,” and it is appropriate. 4ST: Gestational age at birth is strongly associated with cerebral palsy, with a prevalence among term infants that is about one fortieth the prevalence among extremely preterm survivors 4TTA 4TTB Satu hal yang seringkali dikaitkan dengan kasus lumpuh otak adalah usia kandungan ketika bayi dilahirkan. Lazimnya dari jumlah bayi yang terlahir prematur dan mampu bertahan hidup, kasus ini bisa terjadi pada seperempat dari jumlah tersebut. Usia kehamilan saat kelahiran bayi sangat kuat hubungannya dengan CP. Bayi yang lahir dengan usia kehamilan cukup bulan memiliki kemampuan bertahan lebih baik, dengan angka kejadian pada bayi cukup bulan adalah 1 dari 40 bayi sangat prematur yang bertahan hidup. 60 In 4TTA the word “jumlah tersebut” is not further described. By omitting some ST information, this translation is not very well organized into sections. It brings confusion whether “tersebut” is addressed to “term infants” or “extremely preterm survivors.” “Kasus ini” is used to mention “kasus lumpuh otak.” This aims to simplify the mentioning of the term. In 4TTB M makes mistake in arranging the clause “with a prevalence among term infants that is about one fortieth the prevalence among extremely preterm survivors.” It should be translated into “dengan angka kejadian pada bayi sangat prematur yang bertahan hidup adalah 1 dari 40 bayi cukup bulan.” By this error, this translation is awkward and not very well organized. 5ST: Research has focused on very preterm infants, as warranted by the high individual risk faced by such infants, but less than 0.4 of neonatal survivors are born before 28 weeks of gestation. 5TTA 5TTB Para peneliti kemudian memfokuskan perhatian mereka pada kelahiran- kelahiran prematur ekstrem 28 minggu mengingat bayi yang terlahir prematur diperkirakan memiliki resiko lumpuh otak yang lebih tinggi. Namun, ternyata hanya terdapat kurang dari 0.4 bayi prematur ekstrem yang bertahan hidup. Penelitian telah memfokuskan pada bayi sangat prematur, sesuai dengan tingginya risiko individual yang dihadapi bayi tersebut, tapi ternyata kurang dari 0.4 neonatus yang bertahan adalah neonatus yang lahir pada usia kehamilan 28 minggu. NM arranged 5ST into appropriate sentence in TT. The use of conjunction “namun” is proper because it is used to connect two sentences. Besides, the repetition of “bayi prematur ekstrem” in these two sentences aim to mark off continuity. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 61 The use of conjuction “tapi” is also suitable since it aims to connect two clauses. In order to shorten the mentioning of “such infant”, M uses the word “bayi tersebut” to address that term. It can be seen that M is good in forming 5ST into TT. 6ST: The 96 of singletons born at or after 35 weeks of gestation, who account for two thirds of newborns with cerebral palsy, have been less extensively studied, and for them, much of the medical and lay literature on the causes of cerebral palsy remains focused on the contribution of birth asphyxia. 6TTA 6TTB 23 dari total bayi yang terlahir dengan lumpuh otak dan mampu bertahan hidup justru masuk dalam golongan bayi tunggal bukan bayi kembar yang tidak lahir prematur. Golongan ini sendiri, yang secara persentase mencapai 96, belum benar-benar diteliti secara mendalam. Banyak kepustakaan, termasuk kepustakaan medis, yang menyebutkan bahwa salah satu penyebab lumpuh otak adalah afiksia. 96 bayi yang lahir tunggal pada usia kehamilan 35 minggu atau lebih, yang merupakan 23 dari jumlah bayi dengan CP, kurang diteliti lebih jauh sehingga banyak literatur medis tentang penyebab CP lebih sering berfokus pada peranan asfiksia bayi baru lahir. There are some lack control of the use of comma in 6TTA. The second sentence should be revised like “Golongan ini sendiri yang secara persentase mencapai 96 belum benar-benar diteliti secara mendalam.” Meanwhile, third sentence should be “Banyak kepustakaan, termasuk kepustakaan medis yang menyebutkan….” By this punctuation errors, it can be seen that NM deviates from grammatical rules. In 6TTB there is lack control of punctuation as the important part of writing system as seen in “…dengan CP, kurang diteliti lebih jauh sehingga…..” It should be “…dengan CP kurang diteliti lebih jauh, sehingga….” This PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 62 translation is organized into section, but the translation style is not consistent since there are occasional awkward elements. 7ST: Continuous electronic fetal monitoring during labor was introduced to identify fetal asphyxia, with the expectation that timely intervention would prevent cerebral palsy. 7TTA 7TTB Pemantauan janin berkelanjutan secara elektronik kemudian digunakan untuk mengidentifkasi afiksia. Hal ini diharapkan mampu mencegah terjadinya lumpuh otak. Pengawasan janin secara elektrikal dan terus menerus selama proses persalinan diperkenalkan untuk mengidentifikasi kejadian asfiksia pada bayi, dengan harapan bahwa intervensi pada waktu yang tepat akan dapat mencegah CP. This sentence is divided into two sentences. “Hal ini” in 7TTA addresses to “continuous electronic fetal monitoring.” This is not suitable since it should also contain the meaning of “timely.” Nonetheless, the sentence formation of this sentence is well organized. M is able to render 7ST in a good sentence in TT. This sentence is very well organized into sections since she uses suitable diction, translation technique, and has good sense in reproducing sentence. 8ST: Despite there being a marked increase in surgical deliveries associated with fetal monitoring, as well as accompanying increases in risks and costs, there has been no decrease in the numbers of live births with cerebral palsy over the past three decades. 8TTA 8TTB Meskipun terdapat peningkatan angka kelahiran sesar yang dikaitkan dengan pemantauan janin ini, juga mengakibatkan peningkatan resiko dan biaya persalinan, angka bayi yang lahir dengan kasus lumpuh otak dalam tiga puluh tahun terakhir tidak mengalami penurunan. Meskipun ada peningkatan bermakna pada kejadian seksio sesaria terkait pemantauan janin, sejalan juga dengan peningkatan risiko dan biayanya, tidak ada penurunan angka kelahiran hidup dengan CP selama dari 3 dekade. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI