Textual Competence The Translation Competence of Non-medical Department Student and

62 translation is organized into section, but the translation style is not consistent since there are occasional awkward elements. 7ST: Continuous electronic fetal monitoring during labor was introduced to identify fetal asphyxia, with the expectation that timely intervention would prevent cerebral palsy. 7TTA 7TTB Pemantauan janin berkelanjutan secara elektronik kemudian digunakan untuk mengidentifkasi afiksia. Hal ini diharapkan mampu mencegah terjadinya lumpuh otak. Pengawasan janin secara elektrikal dan terus menerus selama proses persalinan diperkenalkan untuk mengidentifikasi kejadian asfiksia pada bayi, dengan harapan bahwa intervensi pada waktu yang tepat akan dapat mencegah CP. This sentence is divided into two sentences. “Hal ini” in 7TTA addresses to “continuous electronic fetal monitoring.” This is not suitable since it should also contain the meaning of “timely.” Nonetheless, the sentence formation of this sentence is well organized. M is able to render 7ST in a good sentence in TT. This sentence is very well organized into sections since she uses suitable diction, translation technique, and has good sense in reproducing sentence. 8ST: Despite there being a marked increase in surgical deliveries associated with fetal monitoring, as well as accompanying increases in risks and costs, there has been no decrease in the numbers of live births with cerebral palsy over the past three decades. 8TTA 8TTB Meskipun terdapat peningkatan angka kelahiran sesar yang dikaitkan dengan pemantauan janin ini, juga mengakibatkan peningkatan resiko dan biaya persalinan, angka bayi yang lahir dengan kasus lumpuh otak dalam tiga puluh tahun terakhir tidak mengalami penurunan. Meskipun ada peningkatan bermakna pada kejadian seksio sesaria terkait pemantauan janin, sejalan juga dengan peningkatan risiko dan biayanya, tidak ada penurunan angka kelahiran hidup dengan CP selama dari 3 dekade. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 63 The conjunction “meskipun” as seen in 8TTA is appropriate. It is used to connect of the first and last clauses. “As well as” is also translated correctly. M also uses conjunction meskipun in connecting the first and the last sentences. “Sejalan juga” is also proper since it is used to show the addition statement of the previous clause. 9ST: Controlled studies in human populations have shown important prenatal antecedents of cerebral palsy. 9TTA 9TTB Studi kasus kontrol dalam bidang populasi manusia telah menunjukkan pemicu-pemicu penting kasus lumpuh otak yang bersifat pranatal. Studi terkontrol pada populasi manusia telah menunjukkan adanya hal penting yaitu adanya CP pada masa prenatal. 9TTA is coherent with previous sentence since it discusses the finding of “lumpuh otak.” It is regarded as very well organized translation. By the use of appropriate vocabulary and punctuation, 9TTB is coherent as well because this translation is related with the other sentences in the given TL. 10ST: A 2004 report concluded, “Evidence suggests that 70 to 80 of CP [cerebral palsy] cases are due to prenatal factors and that birth asphyxia plays a relatively minor role 10.” 10TTA 10TTB Sebuah hasil penelitian tahun 2004 menyatakan bahwa 70 - 80 kasus ini dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor pranatal dan afiksia juga tidak memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan 10. Laporan tahun 2004 menyimpulkan bahwa 70 sampai 80 kasus CP disebabkan oleh faktor prenatal dan asfiksia bayi baru lahir hanya berperan kecil 10 pada CP “Kasus ini” in 10TTA refers to “cerebral palsy.” Since this term is repeated for many times, NM tends to use “hal ini” in order to abridge the mentioning of the term. This makes this sentence very well organized since NM can relate the previous sentence with this current sentence. 64 10TTB is arranged into very well organization since it uses good grammar, appropriate vocabulary and punctuation. The translation is coherent to fit with the whole sentences.

3. Pragmatic Competence

1ST: Prenatal Factors in Singletons with Cerebral Palsy Born at or near Term 1TTA 1TTB Faktor-Faktor Pranatal Pemicu Lumpuh Otak Pada Bayi Tunggal Non-Prematur Faktor prenatal bayi dengan CP pada kehamilan tunggal aterm atau preterm 1TTA is not equivalent with 1ST because the intended meaning of 1ST should not only describe about “at term”, but “near term” also. Meanwhile 1TTA does not contain the essence of “near term.” Nonetheless, this sentence is able to make the readers understand the point. As seen in the readaibility questionairee, four people agree this sentence. This may be due to the word choice which is easy to comprehend. 1TTB achieves the intended meaning of the original text. Nonetheless, it is only voted by two people. It is not mostly chosen since it contains technical terms which are hard to understand for some parties. In this translation, “CP” is mostly used to mention cerebral palsy. In medical field, mentioning disease’s acronym is common since it aims to conceal the disease to parties who do not have interest and to give respectful impression to the patient. 2ST: Cerebral palsy, a congenital motor disability of cerebral origin, is a group of lifelong movement disorders affecting about 2 of every 1000 children. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 65 2TTA 2TTB Suatu gangguan saraf motorik bersifat bawaan lahir yang dikenal dengan lumpuh otak merupakan salah satu kondisi medis seumur hidup yang menyerang dua dari seribu anak. Cerebral palsy, kelainan bawaan berupa ketidakmampuan secara motorik yang murni bersumber dari otak, adalah sekelompok kelainan gerak yang biasa dialami oleh 2 dari 1000 anak. NM cannot convey the meaning of original sentence in 2TTA. “Kondisi medis seumur hidup” does not only refers to “lifelong movement disorder.” This term can indicate other kinds of disease which affect people for lifelong since it is not particular word. Besides, by omitting “cerebral origin” it is unclear where the origin place of origin place is. By not containing “lifelong” in 2TTB, it is difficult to describe whether this ability is permanent or temporary. The word “lifelong” should be stated as well in order to clarify the definition of “cerebral palsy.” 3ST: Although defined as a motor disorder, cerebral palsy is often accompanied by intellectual deficits, epilepsy, and sensory disabilities. 3TTA 3TTB Walaupun didefinisikan sebagai gangguan motorik, lumpuh otak juga seringkali disertai dengan cacat intelektual, epilepsi, dan gangguan pancaindra. Walaupun disebut kelaianan motorik, CP sering dihubungkan dengan defisit intelektual, epilepsi dan ketidakmampuan secara sensorik. The meaning of 3ST is transferred in a good way in 3TTA. He uses general people register to address “cacat intelektual” and “gangguan pancaindra.” By skillful word choice that NM makes, he is able to convey the intended meaning of the original text so that his translation is understood by four people. The meaning of this translation is equivalent with 3ST. Nonetheless, it is only chosen by two people. It is because it uses practitioners’ register which is 66 hard to undertstand by people who do not learn about medicine. They are “defisit intelektual” and “kemampuan secara sensorik.” 4ST: Gestational age at birth is strongly associated with cerebral palsy, with a prevalence among term infants that is about one fortieth the prevalence among extremely preterm survivors 4TTA 4TTB Satu hal yang seringkali dikaitkan dengan kasus lumpuh otak adalah usia kandungan ketika bayi dilahirkan. Lazimnya dari jumlah bayi yang terlahir prematur dan mampu bertahan hidup, kasus ini bisa terjadi pada seperempat dari jumlah tersebut. Usia kehamilan saat kelahiran bayi sangat kuat hubungannya dengan CP. Bayi yang lahir dengan usia kehamilan cukup bulan memiliki kemampuan bertahan lebih baik, dengan angka kejadian pada bayi cukup bulan adalah 1 dari 40 bayi sangat prematur yang bertahan hidup. 4TTA does not share the same meaning with 4ST. The first, it is because “jumlah tersebut” that should refer to “term infants” is not described. This brings cluelessness toward reader. The second reason because there is ambiguity in “bayi yang terlahir prematur dan mampu bertahan hidup.” The meaning can be both that there are two kinds of infant: “preterm infant” and “infant survivor” and the second there is only one kind of infant which is “extremely preterm survivor.” The third reason is because NM mistranslates “one fortieth” into “seperempat.” If technical text is mistranslated, it causes fatal effect Nababan 2012: 44. M misinterprets when translating the comparison as seen in 4TTB. From her translation it can be seen that the prevalence consists of 1 term infant and 39 extremely preterm survivors. Nonetheless, five participants think that this translation is more readable than 4TTA. 5ST: Research has focused on very preterm infants, as warranted by the high individual risk faced by such infants, but less than 0.4 of neonatal survivors are born before 28 weeks of gestation. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 67 5TTA 5TTB Para peneliti kemudian memfokuskan perhatian mereka pada kelahiran- kelahiran prematur ekstrem 28 minggu mengingat bayi yang terlahir prematur diperkirakan memiliki resiko lumpuh otak yang lebih tinggi. Namun, ternyata hanya terdapat kurang dari 0.4 bayi prematur ekstrem yang bertahan hidup. Penelitian telah memfokuskan pada bayi sangat prematur, sesuai dengan tingginya risiko individual yang dihadapi bayi tersebut, tapi ternyata kurang dari 0.4 neonatus yang bertahan adalah neonatus yang lahir pada usia kehamilan 28 minggu. There is an ambiguity found in the second sentence in 5TTA, “namun, ternyata hanya terdapat kurang dari 0.4 bayi prematur ekstrem yang bertahan hidup.” The first meaning is that 0.4 of very preterm infants are neonatal survivor. The second one is that the percentage of very preterm infants that survive is less than 0.4. The intended meaning of 5ST is that less than 0.4 neonatal survivors are very preterm infants and 99,6 are preterm, term, and postterm infants. This ambiguity can be avoided if NM arranges the sentence correctly. The translation should be revised like this, “kurang dari 0.4 bayi yang bertahan hidup terlahir sangat prematur.” By this ambiguity, this sentence is only understood by two people. M has good understanding in translating 5ST. She can comprehend the idea of 5ST and convey it into TL. The appropriateness of vocabularies and the structure of the sentence used in 5TTB make it understandable by four participants. 6ST: The 96 of singletons born at or after 35 weeks of gestation, who account for two thirds of newborns with cerebral palsy, have been less extensively studied, and for them, much of the medical and lay literature on the causes of cerebral palsy remains focused on the contribution of birth asphyxia. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 68 6TTA 6TTB 23 dari total bayi yang terlahir dengan lumpuh otak dan mampu bertahan hidup justru masuk dalam golongan bayi tunggal bukan bayi kembar yang tidak lahir prematur. Golongan ini sendiri, yang secara persentase mencapai 96, belum benar-benar diteliti secara mendalam. Banyak kepustakaan, termasuk kepustakaan medis, yang menyebutkan bahwa salah satu penyebab lumpuh otak adalah afiksia. 96 bayi yang lahir tunggal pada usia kehamilan 35 minggu atau lebih, yang merupakan 23 dari jumlah bayi dengan CP, kurang diteliti lebih jauh sehingga banyak literatur medis tentang penyebab CP lebih sering berfokus pada peranan asfiksia bayi baru lahir. It seems that NM misinterprets “singletons born at or after 35 weeks.” He concludes it into “bayi tunggal yang tidak lahir prematur.” According to Dorland Dictionary, term infant is born between 37 until 42 weeks. It means that infant born before 37 weeks belongs to preterm infant, and “singleton born at or after 35 weeks” cannot be concluded into “bayi tunggal yang tidak lahir premature” since it actually refers to three groups of infant: preterm, term and postterm infants. By this mistake, 6TTA cannot be regarded sharing the same idea with 6ST. The vocabulary and the arrangement of this sentence makes the meaning of 6TTB equivalent with 6ST. It is thought that M can convey the clear message toward readers. 7ST: Continuous electronic fetal monitoring during labor was introduced to identify fetal asphyxia, with the expectation that timely intervention would prevent cerebral palsy. 7TTA 7TTB Pemantauan janin berkelanjutan secara elektronik kemudian digunakan untuk mengidentifkasi afiksia. Hal ini diharapkan mampu mencegah terjadinya lumpuh otak. Pengawasan janin secara elektrikal dan terus menerus selama proses persalinan diperkenalkan untuk mengidentifikasi kejadian asfiksia pada bayi dengan harapan bahwa intervensi pada waktu yang tepat akan dapat mencegah CP.