Significant Differences of the Non-medical and Medical School Students

34 CET is applied since it is described using lay language and AT is used since there are some addition information about that term. M also uses pure borrowing technique PBT in translating “cerebral palsy.” No change occurs from ST term to TT term. In this case, TT term is an acronym form of original term. “At or near term” in 1ST is translated into “aterm or preterm” by using PBT. “At term and near term” are the synonym of “aterm and preterm” in ST. 2ST: Cerebral palsy, a congenital motor disability of cerebral origin, is a group of lifelong movement disorders affecting about 2 of every 1000 children. 2TTA 2TTB Suatu gangguan saraf motorik bersifat bawaan lahir yang dikenal dengan lumpuh otak merupakan salah satu kondisi medis seumur hidup yang menyerang dua dari seribu anak. Cerebral palsy, kelainan bawaan berupa ketidakmampuan secara motorik yang murni bersumber dari otak, adalah sekelompok kelainan gerak yang biasa dialami oleh 2 dari 1000 anak. In the original sentence, “cerebral palsy” is positioned in the beginning, but after it is translated, it is in the middle of the description. “Cerebral palsy” is still translated by using CET. “Suatu gangguan saraf motorik bersifat bawaan lahir” is the application of AT and CET. AT occurs since the actual translation is gained. CET is used since it uses common language. DT occurs two times in 2TTA. The first, NM does not provide the translation of “cerebral origin.” The second, “lifelong movement disorder” is translated into “kondisi medis seumur hidup.” “Kondisi medis” refers to “disorder”, meanwhile “movement” is left untranslated. In 2TTB since the term is untranslated into TT, the translation of “cerebral palsy” belongs to PBT. “Kelainan bawaan berupa ketidakmampuan secara motoric” has two techniques consisting of CET and AT. CET occurs 35 because M uses general language in describing the term. AT is applied because there are addition words that are not available in ST such as “kelainan”, “berupa”, and “secara”. CET and AT are used again in translating cerebral origin into “murni bersumber dari otak”. If translated literally, it should be “bersumber dari otak”, but the word “murni” is added to give further description. CET is applied since this description is available in TL. There are two techniques are appertained in the translation of “lifelong movement disorder.” CET is used as well. DT is applied since M omits the word “lifelong.” 3ST: Although defined as a motor disorder, cerebral palsy is often accompanied by intellectual deficits, epilepsy, and sensory disabilities. 3TTA 3TTB Walaupun didefinisikan sebagai gangguan motorik, lumpuh otak juga seringkali disertai dengan cacat intelektual, epilepsi, dan gangguan pancaindra. Walaupun disebut kelaianan motorik, CP sering dihubungkan dengan defisit intelektual, epilepsy dan ketidakmampuan secara sensorik. There are two techniques applied when translating “motor disorder.” The word “disorder” uses CET, meanwhile “motor” uses CST. Besides, “intellectual deficit” is also translated by using two techniques. The translation of “intelektual” is the application of NBT since it is a naturalization word, and “cacat” uses CET since this word is very common in ST. “Epilepsi” is the translation form using NBT. CET is applied in translating “gangguan pancaindra” since it is lay term commonly used by people in TT. M uses two techniques in translating “motor disorder.” They are CET in translating “kelainan”, and CST in translating “motorik.” “Deficit intellectual” is translated into “defisit inteleklual” by using NBT. NBT is used again in translating “epilepsy.” The techniques used in translating “sensory disabilities” PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 36 consist of three. “Ketidakmampuan” is the application of CET, “sensorik” is NBT, and “secara” is AT. 4ST: Gestational age at birth is strongly associated with cerebral palsy, with a prevalence among term infants that is about one fortieth the prevalence among extremely preterm survivors. 4TTA 4TTB Satu hal yang seringkali dikaitkan dengan kasus lumpuh otak adalah usia kandungan ketika bayi dilahirkan. Lazimnya dari jumlah bayi yang terlahir prematur dan mampu bertahan hidup, kasus ini bisa terjadi pada seperempat dari jumlah tersebut. Usia kehamilan saat kelahiran bayi sangat kuat hubungannya dengan CP. Bayi yang lahir dengan usia kehamilan cukup bulan memiliki kemampuan bertahan lebih baik, dengan angka kejadian pada bayi cukup bulan adalah 1 dari 40 bayi sangat prematur yang bertahan hidup. It can be seen in 4ST that NM uses CET in translating “gestational age” into “usia kandungan.” “Birth” is the application of CST since “birth” in ST is a noun, and it is changed in TT into a verb. “Terms infant” experiences DT because this term is unavailable in TT. In the translation of “bayi yang terlahir prematur dan mampu bertahan hidup” is found two applied techniques: CET and CST. It can be CST because in ST “survivor” is a noun, meanwhile in TT it becomes an adjective. In 4TTB, M uses CET in translating “usia kehamilan and kelahiran.” These two translation are excessively used in TT. “Bayi yang lahir dengan usia kehamilan cukup bulan” is the translation form using CET and AT. According to the original translation, “term infants” is changed into “bayi cukup bulan”, meanwhile in this case M tries to clarify the term by providing the addition information. Two techniques are also found in the translation of “bayi sangat prematur yang bertahan hidup.” The first one is CET since it is described in 37 general language, and the second one is CST because “survivor” is shifted from noun into adjective. 5ST: Research has focused on very preterm infants, as warranted by the high individual risk faced by such infants, but less than 0.4 of neonatal survivors are born before 28 weeks of gestation. 5TTA 5TTB Para peneliti kemudian memfokuskan perhatian mereka pada kelahiran- kelahiran prematur ekstrem 28 minggu mengingat bayi yang terlahir prematur diperkirakan memiliki resiko lumpuh otak yang lebih tinggi. Namun, ternyata hanya terdapat kurang dari 0.4 bayi prematur ekstrem yang bertahan hidup. Penelitian telah memfokuskan pada bayi sangat prematur, sesuai dengan tingginya risiko individual yang dihadapi bayi tersebut, tapi ternyata kurang dari 0.4 neonatus yang bertahan adalah neonatus yang lahir pada usia kehamilan 28 minggu. In translating 6TTA, NM divides the sentence into two. “Kelahiran- kelahiran prematur ekstrem” is the application of CET. This term is considered common in TT, not a term that is difficult to describe. Meanwhile “neonatal survivor” is not found in 6TTA which means that DT occurs. M uses CET in translating “bayi sangat prematur.” This lay term is available in dictionary. “Neonatal survivors” experiences two techniques: Latin Borrowing Technique LBT and CST. “Neonatus” is derived from Latin. CST occurs because in ST “neonatal” is an adjective and “survivor” is a noun, but after these are translated “neonatal” is changed into noun, and “survivor” into adjective. 6ST: The 96 of singletons born at or after 35 weeks of gestation, who account for two thirds of newborns with cerebral palsy, have been less extensively studied, and for them, much of the medical and lay literature on the causes of cerebral palsy remains focused on the contribution of birth asphyxia. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 38 6TTA 6TTB 23 dari total bayi yang terlahir dengan lumpuh otak dan mampu bertahan hidup justru masuk dalam golongan bayi tunggal bukan bayi kembar yang tidak lahir prematur. Golongan ini sendiri, yang secara persentase mencapai 96, belum benar-benar diteliti secara mendalam. Banyak kepustakaan, termasuk kepustakaan medis, yang menyebutkan bahwa salah satu penyebab lumpuh otak adalah afiksia. 96 bayi yang lahir tunggal pada usia kehamilan 35 minggu atau lebih, yang merupakan 23 dari jumlah bayi dengan CP, kurang diteliti lebih jauh sehingga banyak literatur medis tentang penyebab CP lebih sering berfokus pada peranan asfiksia bayi baru lahir. NM translates “singleton” into “bayi tunggal bukan bayi kembar.” That the description provided in brackets shows that it belongs to AT. “Birth asphyxia” is translated by using DT because “birth” is untranslated. In 6TTB “bayi yang lahir tunggal” is translated by using CET. “Asfiksia bayi baru lahir” is the translation form using AT. There is no information about the “infant” provided in ST, but M tends to translate “birth asphyxia” into “asfiksia bayi baru lahir” in order to maintain the naturalness of the sentence. 7ST: Continuous electronic fetal monitoring during labor was introduced to identify fetal asphyxia, with the expectation that timely intervention would prevent cerebral palsy. 7TTA 7TTB Pemantauan janin berkelanjutan secara elektronik kemudian digunakan untuk mengidentifkasi afiksia. Hal ini diharapkan mampu mencegah terjadinya lumpuh otak. Pengawasan janin secara elektrikal dan terus menerus selama proses persalinan diperkenalkan untuk mengidentifikasi kejadian asfiksia pada bayi, dengan harapan bahwa intervensi pada waktu yang tepat akan dapat mencegah CP. In 7TTA “electronic fetal monitoring” is translated into “pemantauan janin secara elektronik” by using CET and AT. CET is applied since the 39 description using language provided in the dictionary. The word “secara” is the addition word aiming to connect previous and next word. As usual, NM translates “cerebral palsy” into “lumpuh otak” by using CET. DT occurs in the next terms since there are some terms omitted. “During labor” is not described in TT. “Fetal asphyxia” is translated into “afiksia”, the term “fetal” is untranslated. “Intervention” is also left untranslated. M translates “electronic fetal monitoring” into “pengawasan janin secara elektrikal” by using CET and AT. “Persalinan” is the translation form using CET. “Asfiksia pada bayi” is the application of AT because of the existence of the word “pada.” “Intervensi” belongs to NBT because this term is an adjustment from ST pronunciation. 8ST: Despite there being a marked increase in surgical deliveries associated with fetal monitoring, as well as accompanying increases in risks and costs, there has been no decrease in the numbers of live births with cerebral palsy over the past three decades. 8TTA 8TTB Meskipun terdapat peningkatan angka kelahiran sesar yang dikaitkan dengan pemantauan janin ini, juga mengakibatkan peningkatan resiko dan biaya persalinan, angka bayi yang lahir dengan kasus lumpuh otak dalam tiga puluh tahun terakhir tidak mengalami penurunan. Meskipun ada peningkatan bermakna pada kejadian seksio sesaria terkait pemantauan janin, sejalan juga dengan peningkatan risiko dan biayanya, tidak ada penurunan angka kelahiran hidup dengan CP selama dari 3 dekade. NM uses the words “kelahiran sesar” in translating “surgical deliveries” by applying CET. Besides, CET is used when translating “fetal monitoring” into “pemantauan janin”, “numbers of live birth” into “angka bayi yang lahir.” LBT is used when translating “seksio sesaria.” There are two terms which apply CET: “pemantauan janin” and “angka kelahiran hidup.” PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 40 9ST: Controlled studies in human populations have shown important prenatal antecedents of cerebral palsy. 9TTA 9TTB Studi kasus kontrol dalam bidang populasi manusia telah menunjukkan pemicu-pemicu penting kasus lumpuh otak yang bersifat pranatal. Studi terkontrol pada populasi manusia telah menunjukkan adanya hal penting yaitu adanya CP pada masa prenatal. “Populasi manusia” is translated by using CET. “Prenatal antecedents” is translated into “pemicu-pemicu yang bersifat pranatal” by using four techniques. The first, it uses CET in the words “pemicu-pemicu yang bersifat.” The second, it uses NBT when translating “pranatal.” The third, it applies CST because “prenatal” in ST is an adjective, meanwhile “pranatal” in TT is a noun. The fourth, it uses AT since there are addition words such as “yang” and “bersifat.” M chooses to translate “prenatal antecedent” into “hal pada masa prenatal.” It shows that this translation consists of three techniques. CET is applied in the word “hal pada masa.” Secondly, AT is used since the word “pada” and “masa” are added. PBT is applied in the translation of “prenatal.” 10ST: A 2004 report concluded, “Evidence suggests that 70 to 80 of CP [cerebral palsy] cases are due to prenatal factors and that birth asphyxia plays a relatively minor role 10.” 10TTA 10TTB Sebuah hasil penelitian tahun 2004 menyatakan bahwa 70 - 80 kasus ini dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor pranatal dan afiksia juga tidak memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan 10. Laporan tahun 2004 menyimpulkan bahwa 70 sampai 80 kasus CP disebabkan oleh faktor prenatal dan asfiksia bayi baru lahir hanya berperan kecil 10 pada CP In 10TTA, “cerebral palsy” is translated into “kasus ini” by NM. This may be because the term “cerebral palsy” is often repeated. The TT term belongs 41 to CET. “Prenatal factors” is translated into “faktor-faktor prenatal” by using NBT. “Birth asphyxia” is translated into “afiksia” by applying two techniques: NBT and DT. DT occurs since the word “birth” is untranslated. As seen in 10TTB “Faktor prenatal” consists of two technique that are NBT in the word “faktor”, and PBT as seen in the word “prenatal.” The translation term “asfiksia bayi baru lahir” uses three techniques such as NBT in “asfiksia”, CET in “bayi baru lahir”, and AT since “bayi” and “baru” is not provided in ST. To meet the validity and to make sure whether the reader understands or not, the questionnaire is spread. The data are assessed by six participants. They consist of 3 people having medical background and the rest are non-medical background people. They also represent as target reader of each translation. Every participant assesses 20 sentences that is 10 sentences done by NM and M. In each number, they are asked to choose sentence that is more readable. By being examined by them, it is hoped that the validity can be obtained. The data that has been assessed by each participant are calculated. In the last analysis, the assessment score given by the participants and the writer are mixed to get the average score of each translation. The final score is used to know whose translation is more readable. The analysis of translation readability of Non- Medical student NM and Medical student M are discussed in these following pages. The ST is not provided since it discusses the readability of TT does not need ST to compare. 42 1TTA 1TTB Faktor-Faktor Pranatal Pemicu Lumpuh Otak Pada Bayi Tunggal Non-Prematur Faktor prenatal bayi dengan CP pada kehamilan tunggal aterm atau preterm 1TTA is chosen by four respondents which consist of three non-medical background people and one person having medical background, meanwhile the rest respondents choose 1TTB. It can be concluded that 1TTA is more understandable than 1TTB. Most respondents choose 1TTA because it uses lay terms which make them understand about the context. Besides, three from four respondents who choose 1TTA do not have medical background which support their knowledge in understanding the medical text. It is contrast with people having medical background, they used to be familiar with medical terms. 2TTA 2TTB Suatu gangguan saraf motorik bersifat bawaan lahir yang dikenal dengan lumpuh otak merupakan salah satu kondisi medis seumur hidup yang menyerang dua dari seribu anak. Cerebral palsy, kelainan bawaan berupa ketidakmampuan secara motorik yang murni bersumber dari otak, adalah sekelompok kelainan gerak yang biasa dialami oleh 2 dari 1000 anak. According to the voters, 2TTB has the same point with 2TTA. Three non-medical background people choose 2TTA, meanwhile the rest agree that M has better way in conveying the message. It is seen that what they choose reveals their background. Those who are familiar with medical terms regard that choice of word in 2TTB is more appropriate than 2TTA, and vice versa. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 43 3TTA 3TTB Walaupun didefinisikan sebagai gangguan motorik, lumpuh otak juga seringkali disertai dengan cacat intelektual, epilepsi, dan gangguan pancaindra. Walaupun disebut kelainan motorik, CP sering dihubungkan dengan defisit intelektual, epilepsi dan ketidakmampuan secara sensorik. 3TTA is chosen by most participants which means that it is easier to read than 3TTB. Four people consists of three non-medical background people and one person having medical background vote for 3TTA. The rest participants vote for 3TTB. In this case, M uses terms that is hardly received by people who do not have experience in medical field such as “defisit intelektual” and “ketidakmampuan secara sensorik.” Considering that most voters who choose 3TTA are common people, it can be drawn that people who do not have medical background tend to understand the text using general language. Meanwhile, two medical background people is more enjoyable to read 3TTB because they are familiar with the terms and think that M can transfer the meaning better than NM. 4TTA 4TTB Satu hal yang seringkali dikaitkan dengan kasus lumpuh otak adalah usia kandungan ketika bayi dilahirkan. Lazimnya dari jumlah bayi yang terlahir prematur dan mampu bertahan hidup, kasus ini bisa terjadi pada seperempat dari jumlah tersebut. Usia kehamilan saat kelahiran bayi sangat kuat hubungannya dengan CP. Bayi yang lahir dengan usia kehamilan cukup bulan memiliki kemampuan bertahan lebih baik, dengan angka kejadian pada bayi cukup bulan adalah 1 dari 40 bayi sangat prematur yang bertahan hidup. One participant which belongs to non-medical background people considers that 4TTA is more readable than 4TTB, meanwhile 4TTB is chosen by five people. This may due to the fact that M provides description which is PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 44 more complete than NM’s description. Some information that are not available in 4TTA are provided in 4TTB. 5TTA 5TTB Para peneliti kemudian memfokuskan perhatian mereka pada kelahiran- kelahiran prematur ekstrem 28 minggu mengingat bayi yang terlahir prematur diperkirakan memiliki resiko lumpuh otak yang lebih tinggi. Namun, ternyata hanya terdapat kurang dari 0.4 bayi prematur ekstrem yang bertahan hidup. Penelitian telah memfokuskan pada bayi sangat prematur, sesuai dengan tingginya risiko individual yang dihadapi bayi tersebut, tapi ternyata kurang dari 0.4 neonatus yang bertahan adalah neonatus yang lahir pada usia kehamilan 28 minggu. Two non-medical background people agree that 5TTA is more understandable than 5TTB. Meanwhile, in 5TTB the diction used by M such as “neonatus” may make the participant hard to understand especially for non- medical background people because the word “neonatus” is derived from Latin. Nonetheless, it is mostly chosen because it is considered more appropriate than 5TTA. 6TTA 6TTB 23 dari total bayi yang terlahir dengan lumpuh otak dan mampu bertahan hidup justru masuk dalam golongan bayi tunggal bukan bayi kembar yang tidak lahir prematur. Golongan ini sendiri, yang secara persentase mencapai 96, belum benar-benar diteliti secara mendalam. Banyak kepustakaan, termasuk kepustakaan medis, yang menyebutkan bahwa salah satu penyebab lumpuh otak adalah afiksia. 96 bayi yang lahir tunggal pada usia kehamilan 35 minggu atau lebih, yang merupakan 23 dari jumlah bayi dengan CP, kurang diteliti lebih jauh sehingga banyak literatur medis tentang penyebab CP lebih sering berfokus pada peranan asfiksia bayi baru lahir. Three participants choose 6TTA, and the rest choose 6TTB. Those who vote for 6TTA are people having no experience and knowledge about medicine, 45 meanwhile people who choose 6TTB have medical background. It can be seen that decision making in this sentence represents people’s background. 7TTA 7TTB Pemantauan janin berkelanjutan secara elektronik kemudian digunakan untuk mengidentifkasi afiksia. Hal ini diharapkan mampu mencegah terjadinya lumpuh otak. Pengawasan janin secara elektrikal dan terus menerus selama proses persalinan diperkenalkan untuk mengidentifikasi kejadian asfiksia pada bayi, dengan harapan bahwa intervensi pada waktu yang tepat akan dapat mencegah CP. Two people agree that 7TTA is better than 7TTB. Those who choose 7TTA are non-medical background people. This kind of people are not really familiar with medical terms, but they think that 7TTA is more understandable. The rest people who vote for 7TTB consider that M is better in conveying the message and they are able to identify the defiency in 7TTA. 7TTB is more informative than 7TTA. Some information that do not appear in 7TTA are provided in 7TTB such as “selama proses persalinan” and “intervensi”. 8TTA 8TTB Meskipun terdapat peningkatan angka kelahiran sesar yang dikaitkan dengan pemantauan janin ini, juga mengakibatkan peningkatan resiko dan biaya persalinan, angka bayi yang lahir dengan kasus lumpuh otak dalam tiga puluh tahun terakhir tidak mengalami penurunan. Meskipun ada peningkatan bermakna pada kejadian seksio sesaria terkait pemantauan janin, sejalan juga dengan peningkatan risiko dan biayanya, tidak ada penurunan angka kelahiran hidup dengan CP selama dari 3 dekade. 8TTA is considered more readable than 8TTB. It is proven by four participants consisting of three non-medical background people and one medical person who vote for 8TTA. Meanwhile 8TTB is only chosen by two people having medical background. This may due to the word choice used in 8TTA 46 which is easy to comprehend. Besides, 8TTA is mostly chosen because the form of the sentence that make the readers enjoy to read. 9TTA 9TTB Studi kasus kontrol dalam bidang populasi manusia telah menunjukkan pemicu-pemicu penting kasus lumpuh otak yang bersifat pranatal. Studi terkontrol pada populasi manusia telah menunjukkan adanya hal penting yaitu adanya CP pada masa prenatal. Three non-medical background people and one medical person think that they understand the conveyed meaning in 9TTA. Meanwhile the rest agree that 9TTB has better diction and sentence form. It may be related to their background. Non-medical background people tend to choose 9TTA because they never study about medicine. People having medical background know enough and have learned about the dictions which make them aware which meaning is more appropriate. 10TTA 10TTB Sebuah hasil penelitian tahun 2004 menyatakan bahwa 70 - 80 kasus ini dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor pranatal dan afiksia juga tidak memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan 10. Laporan tahun 2004 menyimpulkan bahwa 70 sampai 80 kasus CP disebabkan oleh faktor prenatal dan asfiksia bayi baru lahir hanya berperan kecil 10 pada CP One person votes for 10TTA, and the rest vote for 10TTB. By this, it can be concluded that 10TTB is more readable than 10TTA. Person who chooses 2TTA is the one who does not have relation about medicine, meanwhile all people having medical background and two common people choose 10TTB. This sentence is considered more readable than 10TTA because this sentence PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 47 provides clearer explanation such as “asfiksia bayi baru lahir” and “hanya berperan kecil pada CP.” To distinguish the medical terms that NM and M have translated, their translated terms are provided in the table below. Medical Terms Non-medical Student Medical Student Prenatal factors Faktor-faktor pranatal Faktor prenatal Singleton Bayi tunggal Bayi dengan kehamilan tunggal Cerebral Palsy Lumpuh otak CPCerebral Palsy At or near term Non-prematur Aterm atau preterm Congenital motor disability Suatu gangguan saraf motorik bersifat bawaan lahir Kelainan bawaan berupa ketidakmampuan secara motorik Cerebral origin untranslated Murni bersumber dari otak Lifelong movement disorder Kondisi medis seumur hidup Kelainan gerak Motor disorder Gangguan motoric Kelainan motorik Intellectual deficit Cacat intelektual Defisit intelektual Epilepsy Epilepsi Epilepsi Sensory disabilities Gangguan pancaindra Ketidakmampuan secara sensorik Gestational age Usia kandungan Usia kehamilan Birth Dilahirkan Kelahiran Term infants untranslated Bayi yang lahir dengan usia kehamilan cukup bulan Extremely preterm survivors Bayi yang terlahir prematur dan mampu bertahan hidup Bayi sangat prematur yang bertahan hidup Very preterm infants Kelahiran-kelahiran prematur ekstrem Bayi sangat prematur Neonatal survivors Bayi prematur ekstrem yang bertahan hidup Neonatus yang bertahan Birth asphyxia Afiksia Asfiksia bayi baru lahir Electronic fetal monitoring Pemantauan janin secara elektronik Pengawasan janin secara elektrikal Labor untranslated Persalinan Fetal asphyxia Afiksia Asfiksia pada bayi Intervension untranslated Intervensi Surgical deliveries Kelahiran sesar Seksio sesaria PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 48 Fetal monitoring Pemantauan janin Pemantauan janin Numbers of live births Angka bayi yang lahir Angka kelahiran hidup Human populations Populasi manusia Populasi manusia Prenatal antecedents Pemicu-pemicu yang bersifat pranatal Hal pada masa prenatal Table 13. The List of Medical Terms and Its Translation

B. The Translation Competence of Non-medical Department Student and

Medical School Student in Translating Medical Text Based on Angelelli’s Scoring Rubric The analysis is done in each datum. Each datum is discussed in order to reveal Non-medical and Medical School students’ competence by discovering whether the translations reflect Angelelli’s translation competence or not. After that, each datum is analyzed by using Angelelli’s five-point-scale scoring rubric. This part is divided into four sections. Each section discusses competence proposed by Angelelli such as linguistic, textual, pragmatic, and strategic competence. The rubric implies identifying the characteristics of translation competence Angelelli, 2009: 38. By constructing this scoring rubric, all elements can be assessed. This rubric has a scale from one to five. Score 1 is given if translator lacks of ability. Score 2 on the scale represents poor performance that is clearly below the level required. Score 3 is seen as the point at which the translator shows evidence of skill but fall slightly short of proficiency level desired. Score 4 is given if desired level of performance is fulfilled. Score 5 is seen as being reflective of particularly outstanding performance. The following is the summary of the findings by using Angelelli’s scoring rubric and its calculation. The detail calculation is provided in appendix. 49 No Rubric Components Non-medical Student Medical Student 1 Source text meaning 4.1 4.5 2 Style and Cohesion 4.3 4.4 3 Situational Appropriateness 3.8 4.3 4 Grammar and Mechanic 4.4 4.6 5 Translation Skill 4.3 4.8 AVG 4.18 4.52 Score 83.6 90.4 Table 14. The Findings by Using Angelelli’s Scoring Rubric Score = × Score NM = 4.18 × = 83.6 Score M = 4.52 × = 90.4 In the table above, 4.1 shows the average score of NM’s source text meaning. It is the results from calculating each sentence in source text meaning aspect. It is also applied in another aspects and other respondent. Meanwhile, AVG is the average score of five aspects source text meaning, style and cohesion, situational appropriatness, grammar and cohesion, and translation skill. The final score is reached by using the above formula. In this following section, each datum is analyzed by using each translation competence aspect proposed by Angelelli. It covers linguistic, textual, pragmatic and strategic competence. The sentence written in bold is ST. The translations are presented in tables. NumberTTA is the translation of NM and numberTTB is the translation of M. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 50

1. Linguistic Competence

1ST: Prenatal Factors in Singletons with Cerebral Palsy Born at or near Term 1TTA 1TTB Faktor-Faktor Pranatal Pemicu Lumpuh Otak Pada Bayi Tunggal Non-Prematur Faktor prenatal bayi dengan CP pada kehamilan tunggal aterm atau preterm NM uses hyphen when translating factors into “Faktor-Faktor”. It is appropriate since in TL plural noun is formed by reduplicating the noun itself and adding hyphen between reduplicated nouns. The use of capital letters in “Faktor- Faktor” is inappropriate. In writing title if the reduplication is not fixed, the second word should not be written in capital letter. It is noted that “faktor-faktor” does not belong to fixed reduplication kata ulang sempurna. The word pranatal should be changed into “prenatal”. It is because “pranatal” in TT is a noun, but it is functioned as an adjective meanwhile in ST “prenatal” is an adjective. The vocabulary used in ”Non-Prematur” is improper since this term is not equivalent with the term in ST. “At term” refers to the birth between 37 until 42 weeks, meanwhile “near term” refers to the birth near the normal time. Even though born near the normal time, those births cannot belong to normal time. They may be born either before or after the required normal time. In 1TTB “factors” is translated from plural into singular form. In SL the plural form is created by adding the letter “s”, but in TL there are some ways to create plural form such as reduplication. In fact, reduplication is not quite necessary because by not using reduplication makes it simpler in the word mentioning. The borrowing word, “prenatal” is appropriate in TL. The acronym of 51 “cerebral palsy” is also suitable. There is a mistake in the use of capital letter. Because this is a title, each of the word should be capitalized. The vocabulary of “aterm” and “preterm” are accepted in TL since those terms share the same meaning with “at or near term”, but it is better if “posterm” is also added. 2ST: Cerebral palsy, a congenital motor disability of cerebral origin, is a group of lifelong movement disorders affecting about 2 of every 1000 children. 2TTA 2TTB Suatu gangguan saraf motorik bersifat bawaan lahir yang dikenal dengan lumpuh otak merupakan salah satu kondisi medis seumur hidup yang menyerang dua dari seribu anak. Cerebral palsy, kelainan bawaan berupa ketidakmampuan secara motorik yang murni bersumber dari otak, adalah sekelompok kelainan gerak yang biasa dialami oleh 2 dari 1000 anak. The punctuation used in 2TTA is appropriate. The spelling is appropriate as well. NM uses appropriate vocabulary when translating “Cerebral Palsy” into “lumpuh otak”. There are few errors in 2TTA. The term “cerebral origin” is untranslated. The vocabulary used in “kondisi medis” is inappropriate because it is a not particular term and it cannot share the meaning of “movement disorder”. This term should be translated into “kelainan gerak”. In 2TTB M uses original term “cerebral palsy”. This term is not changed into TL, instead she keeps the term in SL. This vocabulary is appropriate since she uses pure borrowing technique PBT. There is an inappropriateness in using punctuation. The comma used in “bersumber dari otak, adalah” should be omitted. M does not translate the word “lifelong”, so the translation of “kelainan gerak” cannot represent the meaning of original terms, “lifelong movement disorders”. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 52 3ST: Although defined as a motor disorder, cerebral palsy is often accompanied by intellectual deficits, epilepsy, and sensory disabilities. 3TTA 3TTB Walaupun didefinisikan sebagai gangguan motorik, lumpuh otak juga seringkali disertai dengan cacat intelektual, epilepsi, dan gangguan pancaindra. Walaupun disebut kelainan motorik, CP sering dihubungkan dengan defisit intelektual, epilepsi dan ketidakmampuan secara sensorik. 3TTA shows no error. There are no spelling mistakes. The choice of words in translating “gangguan motorik”, “cacat intelektual”, “epilepsi” and “gangguan pancaindra” is also appropriate. According to Dorland Dictionary, the definition of “disorder” is “ketidakteraturan” or “abnormalitas fungsi”. It means that “gangguan” in 3TTA shares the meaning of “disorder”. There are also no errors made by M. Spelling mistake does not occur in 3TTB. “Kelainan motorik” is proper because it has similar meaning with “kelainan”. “Dihubungkan” is suitable as well in TL since “accompanied” is the synonym of “be connected with”. The use of naturalization in translating “defisit intelektual” and ”epilepsy” is also correct in TL. “Ketidakmampuan secara sensorik” is appropriate since “disabilities” and “ketidakmampuan” share the same meaning. 4ST: Gestational age at birth is strongly associated with cerebral palsy, with a prevalence among term infants that is about one fortieth the prevalence among extremely preterm survivors 4TTA 4TTB Satu hal yang seringkali dikaitkan dengan kasus lumpuh otak adalah usia kandungan ketika bayi dilahirkan. Lazimnya dari jumlah bayi yang terlahir prematur dan mampu bertahan hidup, kasus ini bisa terjadi pada seperempat dari jumlah tersebut. Usia kehamilan saat kelahiran bayi sangat kuat hubungannya dengan CP. Bayi yang lahir dengan usia kehamilan cukup bulan memiliki kemampuan bertahan lebih baik, dengan angka kejadian pada bayi cukup bulan adalah 1 dari 40 bayi sangat prematur yang bertahan hidup.