Significant Differences of the Non-medical and Medical School Students
34
CET is applied since it is described using lay language and AT is used since there are some addition information about that term. M also uses pure borrowing
technique PBT in translating “cerebral palsy.” No change occurs from ST term to TT term. In this case, TT term is an acronym form of original term. “At or near
term” in 1ST is translated into “aterm or preterm” by using PBT. “At term and near term” are the synonym of “aterm and preterm” in ST.
2ST: Cerebral palsy, a congenital motor disability of cerebral origin, is a group of lifelong movement disorders affecting about 2 of every 1000
children.
2TTA 2TTB
Suatu gangguan saraf motorik bersifat bawaan lahir yang dikenal dengan
lumpuh otak merupakan salah satu kondisi medis seumur hidup yang
menyerang dua dari seribu anak. Cerebral palsy, kelainan bawaan
berupa ketidakmampuan
secara motorik yang murni bersumber dari
otak, adalah sekelompok kelainan gerak yang biasa dialami oleh 2 dari
1000 anak.
In the original sentence, “cerebral palsy” is positioned in the beginning, but after it is translated, it is in the middle of the description. “Cerebral palsy” is
still translated by using CET. “Suatu gangguan saraf motorik bersifat bawaan lahir” is the application of AT and CET. AT occurs since the actual translation is
gained. CET is used since it uses common language. DT occurs two times in 2TTA. The first, NM does not provide the translation of “cerebral origin.” The
second, “lifelong movement disorder” is translated into “kondisi medis seumur hidup.” “Kondisi medis” refers to “disorder”, meanwhile “movement” is left
untranslated. In 2TTB since the term is untranslated into TT, the translation of
“cerebral palsy” belongs to PBT. “Kelainan bawaan berupa ketidakmampuan secara motoric” has two techniques consisting of CET and AT. CET occurs
35
because M uses general language in describing the term. AT is applied because there are addition words that are not available in ST such as “kelainan”, “berupa”,
and “secara”. CET and AT are used again in translating cerebral origin into “murni bersumber dari otak”. If translated literally, it should be “bersumber dari
otak”, but the word “murni” is added to give further description. CET is applied since this description is available in TL. There are two techniques are appertained
in the translation of “lifelong movement disorder.” CET is used as well. DT is applied since M omits the word “lifelong.”
3ST: Although defined as a motor disorder, cerebral palsy is often accompanied by intellectual deficits, epilepsy, and sensory disabilities.
3TTA 3TTB
Walaupun didefinisikan
sebagai gangguan motorik, lumpuh otak juga
seringkali disertai
dengan cacat
intelektual, epilepsi, dan gangguan pancaindra.
Walaupun disebut kelaianan motorik, CP sering dihubungkan dengan
defisit intelektual, epilepsy dan ketidakmampuan secara sensorik.
There are two techniques applied when translating “motor disorder.” The word “disorder” uses CET, meanwhile “motor” uses CST. Besides, “intellectual
deficit” is also translated by using two techniques. The translation of “intelektual” is the application of NBT since it is a naturalization word, and “cacat” uses CET
since this word is very common in ST. “Epilepsi” is the translation form using NBT. CET is applied in translating “gangguan pancaindra” since it is lay term
commonly used by people in TT. M uses two techniques in translating “motor disorder.” They are CET in
translating “kelainan”, and CST in translating “motorik.” “Deficit intellectual” is translated into “defisit inteleklual” by using NBT. NBT is used again in
translating “epilepsy.” The techniques used in translating “sensory disabilities” PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
36
consist of three. “Ketidakmampuan” is the application of CET, “sensorik” is NBT, and “secara” is AT.
4ST: Gestational age at birth is strongly associated with cerebral palsy, with a prevalence among term infants that is about one fortieth the prevalence
among extremely preterm survivors.
4TTA 4TTB
Satu hal yang seringkali dikaitkan dengan kasus lumpuh otak adalah usia
kandungan ketika
bayi dilahirkan.
Lazimnya dari jumlah bayi yang terlahir prematur dan mampu bertahan hidup,
kasus ini bisa terjadi pada seperempat dari jumlah tersebut.
Usia kehamilan saat kelahiran bayi sangat kuat hubungannya dengan CP.
Bayi yang
lahir dengan
usia kehamilan cukup bulan memiliki
kemampuan bertahan lebih baik, dengan angka kejadian pada bayi
cukup bulan adalah 1 dari 40 bayi sangat
prematur yang
bertahan hidup.
It can be seen in 4ST that NM uses CET in translating “gestational age” into “usia kandungan.” “Birth” is the application of CST since “birth” in ST is a
noun, and it is changed in TT into a verb. “Terms infant” experiences DT because this term is unavailable in TT. In the translation of “bayi yang terlahir prematur
dan mampu bertahan hidup” is found two applied techniques: CET and CST. It can be CST because in ST “survivor” is a noun, meanwhile in TT it becomes an
adjective. In 4TTB, M uses CET in translating “usia kehamilan and kelahiran.”
These two translation are excessively used in TT. “Bayi yang lahir dengan usia kehamilan cukup bulan” is the translation form using CET and AT. According to
the original translation, “term infants” is changed into “bayi cukup bulan”, meanwhile in this case M tries to clarify the term by providing the addition
information. Two techniques are also found in the translation of “bayi sangat prematur yang bertahan hidup.” The first one is CET since it is described in
37
general language, and the second one is CST because “survivor” is shifted from noun into adjective.
5ST: Research has focused on very preterm infants, as warranted by the high individual risk faced by such infants, but less than 0.4 of neonatal
survivors are born before 28 weeks of gestation.
5TTA 5TTB
Para peneliti kemudian memfokuskan perhatian
mereka pada
kelahiran- kelahiran
prematur ekstrem
28 minggu mengingat bayi yang terlahir
prematur diperkirakan memiliki resiko lumpuh otak yang lebih tinggi. Namun,
ternyata hanya terdapat kurang dari 0.4 bayi prematur ekstrem yang
bertahan hidup. Penelitian telah memfokuskan pada
bayi sangat prematur, sesuai dengan tingginya risiko individual yang
dihadapi bayi tersebut, tapi ternyata kurang dari 0.4 neonatus yang
bertahan adalah neonatus yang lahir pada usia kehamilan 28 minggu.
In translating 6TTA, NM divides the sentence into two. “Kelahiran- kelahiran prematur ekstrem” is the application of CET. This term is considered
common in TT, not a term that is difficult to describe. Meanwhile “neonatal survivor” is not found in 6TTA which means that DT occurs.
M uses CET in translating “bayi sangat prematur.” This lay term is available in dictionary. “Neonatal survivors” experiences two techniques: Latin
Borrowing Technique LBT and CST. “Neonatus” is derived from Latin. CST occurs because in ST “neonatal” is an adjective and “survivor” is a noun, but after
these are translated “neonatal” is changed into noun, and “survivor” into adjective.
6ST: The 96 of singletons born at or after 35 weeks of gestation, who account for two thirds of newborns with cerebral palsy, have been less
extensively studied, and for them, much of the medical and lay literature on the causes of cerebral palsy remains focused on the contribution of birth
asphyxia. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
38
6TTA 6TTB
23 dari total bayi yang terlahir dengan lumpuh otak dan mampu bertahan hidup
justru masuk dalam golongan bayi tunggal bukan bayi kembar yang tidak
lahir prematur. Golongan ini sendiri, yang secara persentase mencapai 96,
belum
benar-benar diteliti
secara mendalam.
Banyak kepustakaan,
termasuk kepustakaan medis, yang menyebutkan
bahwa salah
satu penyebab lumpuh otak adalah afiksia.
96 bayi yang lahir tunggal pada usia kehamilan 35 minggu atau
lebih, yang merupakan 23 dari jumlah bayi dengan CP, kurang
diteliti lebih jauh sehingga banyak literatur medis tentang penyebab CP
lebih sering berfokus pada peranan asfiksia bayi baru lahir.
NM translates “singleton” into “bayi tunggal bukan bayi kembar.” That
the description provided in brackets shows that it belongs to AT. “Birth asphyxia” is translated by using DT because “birth” is untranslated.
In 6TTB “bayi yang lahir tunggal” is translated by using CET. “Asfiksia bayi baru lahir” is the translation form using AT. There is no
information about the “infant” provided in ST, but M tends to translate “birth asphyxia” into “asfiksia bayi baru lahir” in order to maintain the naturalness of the
sentence.
7ST: Continuous electronic fetal monitoring during labor was introduced to identify fetal asphyxia, with the expectation that timely intervention would
prevent cerebral palsy.
7TTA 7TTB
Pemantauan janin berkelanjutan secara elektronik kemudian digunakan untuk
mengidentifkasi afiksia.
Hal ini
diharapkan mampu mencegah terjadinya lumpuh otak.
Pengawasan janin secara elektrikal dan terus menerus selama proses
persalinan diperkenalkan
untuk mengidentifikasi kejadian asfiksia
pada bayi, dengan harapan bahwa intervensi pada waktu yang tepat
akan dapat mencegah CP.
In 7TTA “electronic fetal monitoring” is translated into “pemantauan janin secara elektronik” by using CET and AT. CET is applied since the
39
description using language provided in the dictionary. The word “secara” is the addition word aiming to connect previous and next word. As usual, NM translates
“cerebral palsy” into “lumpuh otak” by using CET. DT occurs in the next terms since there are some terms omitted. “During labor” is not described in TT. “Fetal
asphyxia” is translated into “afiksia”, the term “fetal” is untranslated. “Intervention” is also left untranslated.
M translates “electronic fetal monitoring” into “pengawasan janin secara elektrikal” by using CET and AT. “Persalinan” is the translation form using CET.
“Asfiksia pada bayi” is the application of AT because of the existence of the word “pada.” “Intervensi” belongs to NBT because this term is an adjustment from ST
pronunciation.
8ST: Despite there being a marked increase in surgical deliveries associated with fetal monitoring, as well as accompanying increases in risks and costs,
there has been no decrease in the numbers of live births with cerebral palsy over the past three decades.
8TTA 8TTB
Meskipun terdapat peningkatan angka kelahiran sesar yang dikaitkan dengan
pemantauan janin
ini, juga
mengakibatkan peningkatan resiko dan biaya persalinan, angka bayi yang lahir
dengan kasus lumpuh otak dalam tiga puluh tahun terakhir tidak mengalami
penurunan. Meskipun ada peningkatan bermakna
pada kejadian seksio sesaria terkait pemantauan
janin, sejalan juga
dengan peningkatan
risiko dan
biayanya, tidak ada penurunan angka kelahiran hidup dengan CP selama
dari 3 dekade.
NM uses the words “kelahiran sesar” in translating “surgical deliveries” by applying CET. Besides, CET is used when translating “fetal monitoring” into
“pemantauan janin”, “numbers of live birth” into “angka bayi yang lahir.” LBT is used when translating “seksio sesaria.” There are two terms
which apply CET: “pemantauan janin” and “angka kelahiran hidup.” PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
40
9ST: Controlled studies in human populations have shown important prenatal antecedents of cerebral palsy.
9TTA 9TTB
Studi kasus kontrol dalam bidang populasi manusia telah menunjukkan
pemicu-pemicu penting kasus lumpuh otak yang bersifat pranatal.
Studi terkontrol
pada populasi
manusia telah menunjukkan adanya hal penting yaitu adanya CP pada
masa prenatal.
“Populasi manusia” is translated by using CET. “Prenatal antecedents” is translated into “pemicu-pemicu yang bersifat pranatal” by using four
techniques. The first, it uses CET in the words “pemicu-pemicu yang bersifat.” The second, it uses NBT when translating “pranatal.” The third, it applies CST
because “prenatal” in ST is an adjective, meanwhile “pranatal” in TT is a noun. The fourth, it uses AT since there are addition words such as “yang” and
“bersifat.” M chooses to translate “prenatal antecedent” into “hal pada masa
prenatal.” It shows that this translation consists of three techniques. CET is applied in the word “hal pada masa.” Secondly, AT is used since the word “pada”
and “masa” are added. PBT is applied in the translation of “prenatal.”
10ST: A 2004 report concluded, “Evidence suggests that 70 to 80 of CP [cerebral palsy] cases are due to prenatal factors and that birth asphyxia
plays a relatively minor role 10.”
10TTA 10TTB
Sebuah hasil penelitian tahun 2004 menyatakan bahwa 70 - 80 kasus ini
dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor pranatal dan afiksia juga tidak memberikan
pengaruh yang signifikan 10. Laporan tahun 2004 menyimpulkan
bahwa 70 sampai 80 kasus CP disebabkan oleh faktor prenatal dan
asfiksia bayi baru lahir hanya berperan kecil 10 pada CP
In 10TTA, “cerebral palsy” is translated into “kasus ini” by NM. This may be because the term “cerebral palsy” is often repeated. The TT term belongs
41
to CET. “Prenatal factors” is translated into “faktor-faktor prenatal” by using NBT. “Birth asphyxia” is translated into “afiksia” by applying two techniques:
NBT and DT. DT occurs since the word “birth” is untranslated. As seen in 10TTB “Faktor prenatal” consists of two technique that are
NBT in the word “faktor”, and PBT as seen in the word “prenatal.” The translation term “asfiksia bayi baru lahir” uses three techniques such as NBT in
“asfiksia”, CET in “bayi baru lahir”, and AT since “bayi” and “baru” is not provided in ST.
To meet the validity and to make sure whether the reader understands or not, the questionnaire is spread. The data are assessed by six participants. They
consist of 3 people having medical background and the rest are non-medical background people. They also represent as target reader of each translation.
Every participant assesses 20 sentences that is 10 sentences done by NM and M. In each number, they are asked to choose sentence that is more readable.
By being examined by them, it is hoped that the validity can be obtained. The data that has been assessed by each participant are calculated. In the last analysis, the
assessment score given by the participants and the writer are mixed to get the average score of each translation. The final score is used to know whose
translation is more readable. The analysis of translation readability of Non- Medical student NM and Medical student M are discussed in these following
pages. The ST is not provided since it discusses the readability of TT does not need ST to compare.
42
1TTA 1TTB
Faktor-Faktor Pranatal Pemicu Lumpuh Otak Pada Bayi Tunggal Non-Prematur
Faktor prenatal bayi dengan CP pada kehamilan
tunggal aterm
atau preterm
1TTA is chosen by four respondents which consist of three non-medical background people and one person having medical background, meanwhile the
rest respondents choose 1TTB. It can be concluded that 1TTA is more understandable than 1TTB. Most respondents choose 1TTA because it uses lay
terms which make them understand about the context. Besides, three from four respondents who choose 1TTA do not have medical background which support
their knowledge in understanding the medical text. It is contrast with people having medical background, they used to be familiar with medical terms.
2TTA 2TTB
Suatu gangguan saraf motorik bersifat bawaan lahir yang dikenal dengan
lumpuh otak merupakan salah satu kondisi medis seumur hidup yang
menyerang dua dari seribu anak. Cerebral palsy, kelainan bawaan
berupa ketidakmampuan
secara motorik yang murni bersumber dari
otak, adalah sekelompok kelainan gerak yang biasa dialami oleh 2 dari
1000 anak.
According to the voters, 2TTB has the same point with 2TTA. Three non-medical background people choose 2TTA, meanwhile the rest agree that M
has better way in conveying the message. It is seen that what they choose reveals their background. Those who are familiar with medical terms regard that choice of
word in 2TTB is more appropriate than 2TTA, and vice versa. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
43
3TTA 3TTB
Walaupun didefinisikan
sebagai gangguan motorik, lumpuh otak juga
seringkali disertai
dengan cacat
intelektual, epilepsi, dan gangguan pancaindra.
Walaupun disebut kelainan motorik, CP sering dihubungkan dengan
defisit intelektual,
epilepsi dan
ketidakmampuan secara sensorik.
3TTA is chosen by most participants which means that it is easier to read than 3TTB. Four people consists of three non-medical background people
and one person having medical background vote for 3TTA. The rest participants vote for 3TTB. In this case, M uses terms that is hardly received by people who
do not have experience in medical field such as “defisit intelektual” and “ketidakmampuan secara sensorik.” Considering that most voters who choose
3TTA are common people, it can be drawn that people who do not have medical background tend to understand the text using general language. Meanwhile, two
medical background people is more enjoyable to read 3TTB because they are familiar with the terms and think that M can transfer the meaning better than NM.
4TTA 4TTB
Satu hal yang seringkali dikaitkan dengan kasus lumpuh otak adalah usia
kandungan ketika
bayi dilahirkan.
Lazimnya dari jumlah bayi yang terlahir prematur dan mampu bertahan hidup,
kasus ini bisa terjadi pada seperempat dari jumlah tersebut.
Usia kehamilan saat kelahiran bayi sangat kuat hubungannya dengan CP.
Bayi yang
lahir dengan
usia kehamilan cukup bulan memiliki
kemampuan bertahan lebih baik, dengan angka kejadian pada bayi
cukup bulan adalah 1 dari 40 bayi sangat
prematur yang
bertahan hidup.
One participant which belongs to non-medical background people considers that 4TTA is more readable than 4TTB, meanwhile 4TTB is chosen
by five people. This may due to the fact that M provides description which is PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
44
more complete than NM’s description. Some information that are not available in 4TTA are provided in 4TTB.
5TTA 5TTB
Para peneliti kemudian memfokuskan perhatian
mereka pada
kelahiran- kelahiran
prematur ekstrem
28 minggu mengingat bayi yang terlahir
prematur diperkirakan memiliki resiko lumpuh otak yang lebih tinggi. Namun,
ternyata hanya terdapat kurang dari 0.4 bayi prematur ekstrem yang
bertahan hidup. Penelitian telah memfokuskan pada
bayi sangat prematur, sesuai dengan tingginya risiko individual yang
dihadapi bayi tersebut, tapi ternyata kurang dari 0.4 neonatus yang
bertahan adalah neonatus yang lahir pada usia kehamilan 28 minggu.
Two non-medical background people agree that 5TTA is more understandable than 5TTB. Meanwhile, in 5TTB the diction used by M such as
“neonatus” may make the participant hard to understand especially for non- medical background people because the word “neonatus” is derived from Latin.
Nonetheless, it is mostly chosen because it is considered more appropriate than 5TTA.
6TTA 6TTB
23 dari total bayi yang terlahir dengan lumpuh otak dan mampu bertahan hidup
justru masuk dalam golongan bayi tunggal bukan bayi kembar yang tidak
lahir prematur. Golongan ini sendiri, yang secara persentase mencapai 96,
belum benar-benar diteliti secara mendalam. Banyak kepustakaan,
termasuk kepustakaan medis, yang menyebutkan bahwa salah satu
penyebab lumpuh otak adalah afiksia. 96 bayi yang lahir tunggal pada
usia kehamilan 35 minggu atau lebih, yang merupakan 23 dari
jumlah bayi dengan CP, kurang diteliti lebih jauh sehingga banyak
literatur medis tentang penyebab CP lebih sering berfokus pada peranan
asfiksia bayi baru lahir.
Three participants choose 6TTA, and the rest choose 6TTB. Those who vote for 6TTA are people having no experience and knowledge about medicine,
45
meanwhile people who choose 6TTB have medical background. It can be seen that decision making in this sentence represents people’s background.
7TTA 7TTB
Pemantauan janin berkelanjutan secara elektronik kemudian digunakan untuk
mengidentifkasi afiksia. Hal ini diharapkan mampu mencegah
terjadinya lumpuh otak. Pengawasan janin secara elektrikal dan
terus menerus selama proses persalinan diperkenalkan untuk mengidentifikasi
kejadian asfiksia pada bayi, dengan harapan bahwa intervensi pada waktu
yang tepat akan dapat mencegah CP.
Two people agree that 7TTA is better than 7TTB. Those who choose 7TTA are non-medical background people. This kind of people are not really
familiar with medical terms, but they think that 7TTA is more understandable. The rest people who vote for 7TTB consider that M is better in conveying the
message and they are able to identify the defiency in 7TTA. 7TTB is more informative than 7TTA. Some information that do not appear in 7TTA are
provided in 7TTB such as “selama proses persalinan” and “intervensi”. 8TTA
8TTB Meskipun terdapat peningkatan angka
kelahiran sesar yang dikaitkan dengan pemantauan
janin ini,
juga mengakibatkan peningkatan resiko dan
biaya persalinan, angka bayi yang lahir dengan kasus lumpuh otak dalam tiga
puluh tahun terakhir tidak mengalami penurunan.
Meskipun ada peningkatan bermakna pada kejadian seksio sesaria terkait
pemantauan janin, sejalan
juga dengan
peningkatan risiko
dan biayanya, tidak ada penurunan angka
kelahiran hidup dengan CP selama dari 3 dekade.
8TTA is considered more readable than 8TTB. It is proven by four participants consisting of three non-medical background people and one medical
person who vote for 8TTA. Meanwhile 8TTB is only chosen by two people having medical background. This may due to the word choice used in 8TTA
46
which is easy to comprehend. Besides, 8TTA is mostly chosen because the form of the sentence that make the readers enjoy to read.
9TTA 9TTB
Studi kasus kontrol dalam bidang populasi manusia telah menunjukkan
pemicu-pemicu penting kasus lumpuh otak yang bersifat pranatal.
Studi terkontrol
pada populasi
manusia telah menunjukkan adanya hal penting yaitu adanya CP pada
masa prenatal.
Three non-medical background people and one medical person think that they understand the conveyed meaning in 9TTA. Meanwhile the rest agree that
9TTB has better diction and sentence form. It may be related to their background. Non-medical background people tend to choose 9TTA because they
never study about medicine. People having medical background know enough and have learned about the dictions which make them aware which meaning is more
appropriate. 10TTA
10TTB Sebuah hasil penelitian tahun 2004
menyatakan bahwa 70 - 80 kasus ini dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor pranatal
dan afiksia juga tidak memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan 10.
Laporan tahun 2004 menyimpulkan bahwa 70 sampai 80 kasus CP
disebabkan oleh faktor prenatal dan asfiksia bayi baru lahir hanya
berperan kecil 10 pada CP
One person votes for 10TTA, and the rest vote for 10TTB. By this, it can be concluded that 10TTB is more readable than 10TTA. Person who
chooses 2TTA is the one who does not have relation about medicine, meanwhile all people having medical background and two common people choose 10TTB.
This sentence is considered more readable than 10TTA because this sentence PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
47
provides clearer explanation such as “asfiksia bayi baru lahir” and “hanya berperan kecil pada CP.”
To distinguish the medical terms that NM and M have translated, their translated terms are provided in the table below.
Medical Terms Non-medical Student
Medical Student
Prenatal factors Faktor-faktor pranatal
Faktor prenatal Singleton
Bayi tunggal Bayi dengan kehamilan
tunggal Cerebral Palsy
Lumpuh otak CPCerebral Palsy
At or near term Non-prematur
Aterm atau preterm Congenital motor
disability Suatu gangguan saraf
motorik bersifat bawaan lahir
Kelainan bawaan berupa ketidakmampuan secara
motorik
Cerebral origin untranslated
Murni bersumber dari otak
Lifelong movement disorder
Kondisi medis seumur hidup
Kelainan gerak Motor disorder
Gangguan motoric Kelainan motorik
Intellectual deficit Cacat intelektual
Defisit intelektual Epilepsy
Epilepsi Epilepsi
Sensory disabilities Gangguan pancaindra
Ketidakmampuan secara sensorik
Gestational age Usia kandungan
Usia kehamilan Birth
Dilahirkan Kelahiran
Term infants untranslated
Bayi yang lahir dengan usia kehamilan cukup
bulan
Extremely preterm
survivors Bayi
yang terlahir
prematur dan mampu bertahan hidup
Bayi sangat prematur yang bertahan hidup
Very preterm infants Kelahiran-kelahiran
prematur ekstrem Bayi sangat prematur
Neonatal survivors Bayi prematur ekstrem
yang bertahan hidup Neonatus yang bertahan
Birth asphyxia Afiksia
Asfiksia bayi baru lahir Electronic fetal
monitoring Pemantauan janin secara
elektronik Pengawasan janin secara
elektrikal Labor
untranslated Persalinan
Fetal asphyxia Afiksia
Asfiksia pada bayi Intervension
untranslated Intervensi
Surgical deliveries Kelahiran sesar
Seksio sesaria PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
48
Fetal monitoring Pemantauan janin
Pemantauan janin Numbers of live births
Angka bayi yang lahir Angka kelahiran hidup
Human populations Populasi manusia
Populasi manusia Prenatal antecedents
Pemicu-pemicu yang
bersifat pranatal Hal pada masa prenatal
Table 13. The List of Medical Terms and Its Translation