6 exercises which help to improve students‟ English proficiency as stated in the said
goals. The lecturers can also develop more exercises and various reading and writing strategies
that serve as a learning device and enhance students‟ knowledge for further pursuits.
2. The History Department students of Sanata Dharma University
After spending some time learning and doing the exercises of the supplementary designed materials, the students are expected able to have better
understanding of grammar as well as enrich vocabulary in long terms to improve their reading comprehension. Moreover, the students are also expected able to
write a composition using correct grammar and gained vocabulary.
3. Other researchers
The design may provide opportunities for other researchers to find information and views to further develop supplementary materials for History
Department students. It is hoped that other researchers can also design a set of supplementary materials which do not focus on reading and writing skills but also
listening and speaking on a different level of English.
F. Definition Of Terms
1. Reading
Nation 2009, p. 9 notes “an essential reading skill is the skill of being able to recognize written forms and to connect them with their spoken forms and
their meanings. It involves recognizing known words and also deciphering unfamiliar words”. In this study, reading refers to the students‟ skill to
7 comprehend and grasp the meaning and the ideas of the contexts to get
information or knowledge that should be achieved by the first semester students of the History Department.
2. Writing
According to Nunan 2003, writing is a mental work of inventing ideas, thinking about how to express them, and organizing them into statements and
paragraphs that will be clear to a reader p. 88. He also describes writing as a process and a product. Similarly, Brown 2004 also mentions that writing is
primarily a convention for recording speech and for reinforcing grammatical and lexical features of language p. 218.
In this study, writing refers to the students‟ productive skill to write a composition of paragraphs using correct grammatical form and employ their
vocabulary knowledge in various writing genres.
3. Content-Based Instruction CBI
The term content-based instruction is commonly used to describe approaches to integrating language and content instruction, but it is not always
used in the same way Met, 1999. Another definition of content-based instruction is given by Crandall and Tucker 1990, p. 187
as “…an approach to language instruction that integrates the presentation of topics or tasks from subject matter
classes e.g. math, social studies within the context of teaching a second or foreign language”.
In this study, content-based instruction refers to an approach to language instruction in which the contents of reading and writing materials are specifically
