27
b. Purpose of Writing
Harmer 2007a, p. 112 distinguishes the purpose of writing as follows: 1
Writing-for-learning Writing is used as an aide-mémoire or practice tool to help students
practice and work with language they have been studying. The language itself becomes the main focus of attention since this kind of writing help students learn
language or to test them on that language. 2
Writing-for-writing The main purpose for writing-for writing is directed at developing
students‟ writing skills. In writing-for-writing, the students look at the whole text which includes appropriate language use, text construction, layout, style, and
effectiveness. The purpose of writing in this study falls between those two purposes
because writing-for-learning helps the students to practice better in the target language and writing-for-
writing is useful to develop the students‟ writing competence to produce a decent composition.
c. The Writing Process
The process of writing occurs when the students are writing-for-writing. This process involves planning what they are going to write, drafting, reviewing,
and editing what they have written and the producing a final and satisfactory version Harmer, 2007a, p. 113. Tribble 1996, p. 37 mentions that the writing
process is more complex, and the various stages of drafting, reviewing, re-drafting and writing, etcetera are done in a recursive way: we loop backwards and move
28 forwards between these various stages as cited in Harmer, 2007b, p. 326. The
cycle of the writing process is illustrated in Figure 2.1.
Figure 2.1 The Writing Process Wheel
d. Principles for Teaching Writing
According to Nunan 2003, p. 92, there are four considerations in teaching writing:
1 Understand the students‟ reasons for writing
The greatest dissatisfaction with writing instruction comes when the teacher‟s goals do not match the student‟s, or when the teacher‟s goals do not
match those of the school or institution in which the student works. It is important to understand both and to convey goals to students in ways that make sense to
them. 2
Provide many opportunities for students to write Writing almost always improves with practice. Practice writing should
provide students with different types of writing such as short responses to a reading, journal reading, letter writing, summaries, poetry, or any type of writing
that is useful should be practiced in class. Planning
Drafting
Final version? Editing
Final version
Kategori