Expressive Illocutionary Act Definition of Terms 1. Equivalence

From the definition above, it can be concluded that translation is a skill in communicating the message that is delivered from the source language to the target language by paying attention to the non-linguistic aspects such as social custom or culture that is applied in a certain language. A translator should focus on both the text form and the message, so there will be no deviation caused by different understanding in social context between the native of the SL and the native of the TL. In the context of film translation, Schwarz mentions some more aspects that a translator must pay attention in translating a film. Film is a form of text that is made and supported by other aspects, such as linguistic, non-linguistic, and artistic of the film. So in film, not all messages are delivered in verbal or spoken utterances. Therefore to transfer the meaning, a translator must pay attention to the non-verbal aspects, such as facial expression of the speaker, gestures and body language. Beside those aspects, Schwarz also mentions another limitation in film translation. There are limitation in space and time in producing a subtitle. Limitation in space and time has a meaning that there is only one or two lines provided for 35 characters in every 1-11 seconds. Because of the limitation, the acceptability of a translation can not be judged by the accuracy of the sentence structure, language style and choice of words, but it is more emphasized on the same understanding of the message between the audience in SL and TL.

b. Film Translation

Barbara Schwarz says that film has a special characteristic which is the source language is in a spoken form and combined with the non-verbal visual elements and other artistic elements. To translate the film dialogue, it is impossible if the translator only translates the spoken utterances, but he must put the non-verbal visual elements into the text of target language. In film translation, the translator must emphasize on the equivalence of the source language and the target language, especially on the respond of both audience of SL and TL that must be similar Nida Taber, 1974:28. In making a good subtitle, there is an artistic requirement that must be fulfilled. TiinaHakkinen states that there is limitation of space and time that becomes the main problem in making a subtitle. Hakkinen explains that the change of communication channel causes a reduction of information because of the diversity in the speed of listening and speed of reading. Schwarz says that a good subtitle must be in two lines written on the bottom of the screen. Each line consists of less than 35 characters including letter, space, and mark. So, in transferring the message, a translator must select the information that should be maintained and the information that can be reduced. In short, a translator must interpret the whole message without translate them literally.