a. Definitions of Code Switching
Auer 1998 states that the term code switching refers to the alternation between two or more languages, dialects, or language registers in the course of
discourse between people who have more than one language in common. Typically one of the two languages is dominant; the major language is often
called the matrix language, while the minor language is the embedded language. According to Gal 1988: 247, the term „code switching refers to a
conversational strategy used to establish, cross or destroy group boundaries; to create, evoke or change interpersonal relations with their right and obligations‟.
This stat ement is supported by Wardaugh 1992: 103 who states that „code
switching‟ refers to a conversational strategy used to establish, cross or destroy group boundaries; to create, evoke or change interpersonal relations with their
right and obligations. He asserts that a person may use more than one code in her or his speech instead of just employing a single code. People may switch or mix
the codes or languages that they use.
b. Types of Code Switching
Every linguist has their own point of view in classifying the types of code switching. Auer 1984: 128 states that there are
four types of code switching. 1.
Inter-sentential switching. It occurs outside the sentence or the clause level i.e. at sentence or clause boundaries.
2. Intra-sentential switching. It occurs within a sentence or a clause.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
3. Tag-switching. It is the switching of either a tag phrase or a word, or both,
from language-B to language-A, common intra-sentential switches. 4.
Intra-word switching. It occurs within a word, itself, such as at a morpheme boundary.
According to Appel Muysken 2000:118, there are two types of code switching.
a. Inter-sentential code switching. It refers to a type of code switching: the
alternation in a single discourse between two languages, where the switching occurs after a sentence in the first language has been completed and the next
sentence starts with a new language. b.
Intra-sentential codeswitching. It refers to a type of code switching: the alternation in a single discourse between two languages, where the switching
occurs within a sentence. Ronald Wardhaugh 1992 classifies three kinds of code switching that
may happen in a society, which are situational code switching, metaphorical code switching, and conversational code switching. The first type of code switching is
situational code switching. Wardhaugh 1992: 106 explains that situational code switching happens when the language which is used by a speaker changes
according to the situation which is faced by the speaker. She or he may speak one language in one situation and another language in the different one.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
The second type is metaphorical code switching. One thing that enables people to identify metaphorical code switching is that it has an affective
dimension; formal to informal, official to personal, serious to humorous, etc. The last type is conversational code switching. The difference between
code switching and code mixing can be seen through the context of the occurrence in which code mixing occurs within a single utterance of someone‟s speech as
what Wardhaugh 1992:106 says that “code mixing occurs when conversances use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to
the other in the course of a single utterance”. Here are some examples of conversational code switching that Wardhaugh given between Spanish and
English language. a.
No van a bring it up in the meeting. „They are not going to bring it up in the meeting‟.
b. Todos los Mexicanos were riled up.
„All the Mexicans were riled up‟. According to McCormick 1994 as cited in The Encyclopedia of
Language and Linguistics Vol. 10 by Asher 2004, based on the juxtaposed utterances, there are six types of code switching. Those are diglossic code
switching, situational code switching, metaphoric code switching, conversational code switching, single-word code switching and integrated loanwords code
switching.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
According to Holmes 2001: 30, diglossia is a feature of speech community rather than individuals. In diglossic situation, two languages are used
for different functions in a speech community. In addition, one language is used for H or high function and the other is for L or low function. H variety refers to
the high class situation, whereas L variety is the lower ones. It means that H variety is used in formal discourse which illustrates there is prestige indeed
between the speakers in the situations, such as in the office, classroom, or in other formal situations. Meanwhile, L variety is used in informal discourse due to the
lack of prestige indeed. People may use L variety when they have conversation with their close friends, family or other informal situations. However, not all
people can employ code switching in both discourses. Most of people who tend to be able to employ code switching better are those who learn in formal education.
The second type is called situational code switching. It is “the codes may be perceived as different but be equally valued, and similarity the situations may
be differentiated on grounds other than prestige” McCormick, 1994: 582. Based on the statement, it could be seen that the language change depends on the
circumstance faced by a speaker since the certain circumstance may encourage the speaker to exchange the language which is used. However, situational code
switching happens without any change of topic. As a result, the change happens for the whole part of one‟s speech in one context. For example, an English teacher
may talk in English for the whole part of the explanatory speech of a past perfect tense to the first grade students of Junior High School. Unfortunately, the students
have not understood the teacher‟s explanation of when to use this tense. It is
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
helpful and possible if the teacher re-explains her or his explanatory speech in Indonesian so the students can fairly comprehend it. This example also gives
description that situational code switching happens without any change of the topic.
The third type is metaphoric code switching. In metaphoric code switching, there is a difference from the previous one where a language change
may happen under discussion. It occurs in “whole conversation, each within one role relationship” McCormick, 1994: 581. In the other hand, the role of
relationship between the speakers in a conversation may change. For instance, a political publ
ic figure who tries to draw people‟s voice uses more than one code. He uses two codes: language of people or local dialect to show “high solidarity,
equal status and friendly feelings” and language to represent him as political figure that shows “social distance, status and the referential information”
Wardhaugh, 1992: 41. The fourth type is conversational code switching, in which “its occurrence
is not dependant on a change of interlocuters‟ topic or situation” McCormick, 1994: 583. It can also be called style shifting or code mixing. It allows the
speaker to juxtapose various lengths of foreign elements within his or her speech. In this case, there are three smaller types of conversational code switching. They
are phrase code switching, whole sentence code switching, and clause code switching. For the first type of conversational code switching is phrase code
switching. According to Collins Essential English Dictionary , a phrse is “a group
of words forming a unit of meaning in a sentence” Sinclair, 2001. Then the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
second type is whole sentence code switching. Still according to Collins Essential English Dictionary
, whole sentence is “a sequence of words constituting a statement, question, or a command that begins with a capital letter and ends with a
full stop when written down” Sinclair, 2001. Hence, these code switching cases occur in the form of full sentence. The last type of conversational code switching
is clause code switching, in which happened within a sentence in form of a clause. According to Collins Essential English Dictionary
, clause is “a group of words, consisting of a subject and a predicate including a finite verb, that does not
necessarily constitute a sentence” Sinclair, 2001. Clause “may be either a sentence independent clause or a sentence-like construction included within
another sentence dependent clause” Nordquist, 2009. The fifth type is called single word code switching. It can also be called as
lexical borrowing, in which it permits the speaker to borrow a single word from another language or dialect and place it within her or his native language
utterances McCormick, 1994: 581. For example, Mr. Matteo says, “Para rider
sudah memasuki sirkuit”. From the example, it can be seen that the speaker replaces an Indonesian word
‘pembalap’ with an English word „rider‟. The last type of code switching is integrated loanwords code switching.
The juxtaposition in this type happens in a morpheme level McCormick, 1994: 581. Morpheme is a minimal functional element of a word. Here, someone may
integrate a word from foreign language with affixes of her or his native language to form a certain language expression.
For example, Alice says, “Messi adalah
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
pemain bola yang ber-skill tinggi”. From the example, the speaker combines an
Indonesian prefix ‘ber’ with an English word „skill‟.
c. The Reasons for Code Switching
Kategori