C. Research Instruments
According to Norman K. Denzin Yvonna S. Lincoln, the researchers of qualitative research need to gather the data. In order to collect
the data from the participants, the researcher of this research used some instruments. The researcher used questionnaire, interview, and also
observation as the instruments of this research. Norman K. Denzim Yvonna S. Lincoln 2005 states,
“Qualitative researchers typically rely on the following methods for gathering
information: Participant Observation, Non-participant Observation, Field Notes, Reflexive Journals, Structured Interview, Unstructured Interview,
Analysis of documents and materials. ”
1. Observation
Mellenbergh 2008, as seen in H.J. Adèr G.J. Mellenbergh 2008 define observation as
“either an activity of a living being, consisting of receiving knowledge of the outside world through the senses, or the recording of data using
scientific instruments ”. The term may also refer to any event during this activity.
Moreover, Ader and Mellenbergh 2008 states that there are two kinds of participants in observation. They are the researcher is the participant and the
researcher is non-participant. The researcher is the participant when he acts as the part of the participants. The researcher is non-participant when he acts as the
people outside the participants.
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The researcher acted as non-participant. He provided an observation sheet to be filled by the researcher himself while observing. He only sat in the
classroom, looked at the teaching-learning process, took notes and filled the observation sheet. The researcher took notes on the list of words or sentences of
code switching that occured in the classroom. He filled the observation sheet in order to classify the words or sentences whether they are diglossic code switching,
situational code switching, metaphoric code switching, conversational code switching, single word code switching, or integrated loanwords code switching.
2. Questionnaire
Mellenbergh 2008, as seen in H.J. Adèr G.J. Mellenbergh 2008 define questionnaire as
“a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. The
respondents answer the question based on their own answer, without intimidation
”. A questionnaire consists of a number of questions that the respondent has to answer in a set format. There are two types of question in
questionnaire. They are open-ended question and closed-ended question. Open- ended question asks the participants to formulate their own question. Closed-
ended question asks the participants to pick an answer from the given number of options. The researcher used both open-ended questions and closed-ended
questions. The researcher provided some open-ended questions, some closed- ended questions, and the mixing of open-ended and closed-ended questions. In the
mixing questions, the researcher provided the options and the spaces to be filled by the participants.
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The contents of the questionnaire were about how often the teacher used code switching, what language the teacher switched English with, why the teacher
did code switching, the effects of code switching toward the students’
understanding, and the comments of the students about code switching. The questionnaire was distributed to the students of the first semester
students of the third grade in SMP Karitas Ngaglik. After the students answered the questions, the researcher collected the questionnaire. The questionnaire was
aimed to strengthen the research findings about the effects of code switching in teaching English to the first semester students of the third grade in SMP Karitas
Ngaglik, whether it has good effects or bad effects toward English learning.
3. Interview
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