percent ALCS 2013 14 Main Report English 20151222

65 Figure 5.7: Employed and underemployed men and women, by residence, and by educational attainment in percentages a a Numbers in parentheses denote the shares of total in each category. Status in employment Since job status is a key indicator of the quality of employment, this characteristic is cross-tabulated against sex, age cohort and education in order to assess access to decent work opportunities by sex, age and highest level of education. Only 21 percent of all employed persons are in what may be assumed to be ‘decent’ jobs in salaried public and private employment, and as employers. This means that 79 percent of Afghanistan’s employed workforce is in vulnerable employment. Half of all employment is as day labourers or own- account workers, while 28 percent of all employment is as unpaid family workers. Here again, gender differences are stark: 73 percent of women work as unpaid family workers, whereas only 17 percent of men do so Figure 5.8 . A much higher proportion of men work as day labourers 22 percent than women 4 percent do. Likewise, 38 percent of men operate as own-account workers, whereas the share of women engaged in such work is onl y 11 percent. Nevertheless, only 11 percent of women work in ‘decent’ employment, as salaried workers in the public or private sectors, or as employers. In contrast, 24 percent of men work in ‘decent’ job status categories. It is noteworthy that the proportions of men and women working as employers are remarkably similar 3 percent as opposed to 2 percent. 61 33 39 62 85 91 99 10 15 11 11 5 3 1 9 13 10 10 4 3 13 25 16 13 4 2 3 3 11 3 1 4 11 13 2 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 All men and women 100 Urban men 19 Urban women 3 Rural men 56 Rural women 15 Kuchi men 5 Kuchi women 2 No schooling Primary Lower secondary Upper secondary Teacher training University or technical college MDG indicator 1.7 Proportion of own-account and contributing family workers in total employment

78.8 percent

66 Figure 5.8: Employed and underemployed persons, by sex, and by job status in percentages