Movie Types of Illocutionary Acts

b. Interpersonal knowledge, specific and possibly private

knowledge about the history of the speakers themselves. Example: Her : How are you? Him : Ok Her : Did you have friends in and get a video last night? Him : Oh, I had friends in but we just watched a little TV. Her : All right. Him : That was great, How do you feel? Her : Ok 3. Co-textual context Co-text refers to the words or sentences surrounding any piece of written or spoken text linguistic context. Example: a. The cheese sandwich is made with white bread. b. The cheese sandwich left without paying.

C. Movie

Movie is a recording of moving images that tells a story and that people watch on a screen or television http:www.merriam- webster.comdictionarymovie Movie is a picture movement that has sequence events which tell a story and it is usually shown on television. People watch movie to entertain themselves. They can choose movie that they like such as sad movie, fun movie or horror movie. All kinds of movies have their own genres in entertaining people. People can feel comfort and glad when watching fun movie. People can feel sad or cry in their heart when watching sad movie. People can also feel very afraid when watching horror movie. What is told in a story of movie can make people to get more knowledge after watching movie that they are interested in.

D. Speech Acts

14 When people say something to others, they do not only say things. They perform an act by speaking. According to Yule 1996:47 says that in attempting to express themselves, people do not only produce utterances containing grammatical structures and words, they also perform actions via those utterances”. In communication, people do not only deliver utterances which have been structured but they also perform certain force in their utterances. Furthermore, he adds that actions performed via utterances are generally called speech acts. Based on Mey 2001:95 states that speech acts are verbal actions happening in the world. Uttering speech act, the speakers do something with their words. The speaker performs an activity that brings about a change in the existing state of affairs. From both definitions, the researcher concludes that speech act is an action which is done by the speaker with their utterances. When speaker utters speech act, it means that the speaker also does something with his or her words. All utterances which are said by a speaker have meaning in its form. It also has certain function in human communication. Sometimes, people deliver utterances with intended meaning because what speaker says may be different with what is intended by a speaker in his or her utterance. It is important for us to be able to interpret what the speaker means in his or her words or sentences in order to get the aims in the communication. In understanding the form of the utterances, we have known three forms of acts which are subdivision of speech act, such as locutionary act, 15 illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act. The followings are the discussion of three types of acts which become the main core in human speech:

1. Locutionary act

Locutionary act is the basic act of producing a meaningful expression of an utterance. It deals with meaning of word or sentence which is appropriate in the dictionary and principle of syntax. The locutionary act is the act of saying something Riemer, 2010:109. From the definition above, the researcher concludes that locutionary act is the act of uttering something to the addressee literally or it can be said that the meaning of sentence is equal with what the speaker utterance without considering to the context. Thus, in pragmatic view, locutionary act has less important role in understanding speech act. For example, “You will get your hands blown off”. A speaker performs the locutionary act of stating that the hearer will get their hands blown off.

2. Illocutionary act

Most people sometimes deliver an utterance with intended meaning to the addressee hearer. Illocutionary act is performed via the communicative force of an utterance. Illocutionary act is an utterance with some kind of function in mind. Someone might utter to make a statement, an offer, an explanation, or for other communicative purpose. This is also generally known as the illocutionary force of the utterance Yule, 1996:48. Other definition from Hurford et al. 2007:273 said that the illocutionary act carried out by a speaker making an utterance is the act 16 viewed in terms of the utterance’s significance within a conventional system of social interaction. One way to think about the illocutionary act is that it reflects the intention of the speaker in making the utterance in the first place. In addition, Riemer 2010: 109 explores that illocutionary act is the act that the speaker performs in saying something From those definitions, it can be concluded that illocutionary act is the action of a speaker through the utterance which has an illocutionary force, i.e. “You will get your hands blown off” performs illocutionary act of warning. The utterance has illocutionary force of a warning, thanking, congratulating, and advising.

3. Perlocutionary act

It is the result of hearer’s interpretation of an utterance. When people are communicating, they also make certain effect via their utterances. Perlocutionary act is the act which is done by a speaker to produce an effect on the hearer’s interpretation by a given utterance. According to Hurford et al. 2007:271 states that the perlocutionary act carried out by a speaker making an utterance is the act of causing a certain effect on the hearer and others. In Riemer 2010: 109 defines perlocutionary act is the act of producing an effect in the hearer by means of the utterance. So, perlocutionary act is the effect on the addressee towards the speaker utterance. From those definitions, it can be concluded that perlocutionary act is the effect on the addressee’s interpretation of the utterance. For example, “You will get your hands blown off”. The effect of the 17 18 utterance is that the speaker may be to dissuade the hearer from playing with a lighter and a stick of dynamite, to frighten the hearer, to encourage them to go on provocatively waving a naked flame in front of a bag of fireworks.

E. Types of Illocutionary Acts

According to Searle, he classified illocutionary act into five types. Those are assertive, directive, commissive, expressive and declarative. Searle 1975 in Cruse 2002:342 has classified the types of illocutionary acts as follows: 1. Assertives Assertives commit the speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition: state, suggest, boast, complain, claim, report, warn that. 2. Directives Directives have the intention of eliciting some sort of action on the part of the hearer get the addressee to do something towards what the speaker said: order, command, request, beg, beseech, advise to, warn to, recommend, ask, ask to. 3. Commissives Commissives commit the speaker to some future action: promise, vow, offer, undertake, contract, and threaten. 4. Expressives Expressives make known the speaker’ psychological attitude to a presupposed state of affairs: thank, congratulate, condole, praise, blame, forgive, pardon. 5. Declaratives Declaratives are said to bring about a change in reality: that is to say, the world is in some way no longer the same after they have been said. The point about these is, first, that they cause a change in the 19 world over and above the fact that they have been carried out. The second point is that they standardly encode such changes: resign, dismiss, divorce in Islam, christen, name, open e.g. an exhibition, excommunicate, sentence in court, consecrate, bid at auction, declare at cricket. In this research, the researcher will give exploration types of illocutionary act according to Searle theory of speech act. Those classifications of illocutionary act are commissive, representative or assertive, directive, expressive, and declarative. They will be the focus of this research in understanding the type illocutionary acts.

F. The Function of Illocutionary Acts