CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, the researcher reviews the related theories as follows: Pragmatics, Context, Movie, Speech act, Types of Speech act, and Functions
of illocutionary acts.
A. Pragmatics
When people hear an utterance, they do not only try to understand to the single word or sentence uttered but also try to understand the
meaning of what the speaker said. To understand the meaning, the speaker needs to pay attention via context in order that the communication can run
well. Talking about language, we have known the two branches of
linguistics which focus on the study of meaning. Those are pragmatics and semantics studies. Pragmatics refers to the study of meaning based on the
context of situation or it can be said speaker meaning while semantics refers to the study of meaning based on the sentence or word meaning.
Both of them refer to the relationship of meaning but in different side. Pragmatics is the study of how senders and addressees, in acts of
communications, rely on context to elaborate on literal meaning Griffiths, 2006:132. Pragmatics focuses on the study of meaning and it is more
deeply in the context of meaning or speaker’s actual meaning. We have to know the pragmatics itself to understand the meaning of something
according to the context of situation. Every utterances of someone or person may have another meaning. We cannot decide what the speaker
9
means literally because what he or she says may be different with his or her intended meaning of his or her utterances. We have to understand the
context of the speaker’s saying. It is essential for us to study about meaning correlated with context of situation. Talking about context, we
should have more knowledge to catch the speaker meaning or speaker’s utterance.
Fromkin 2003:173 in Siti Khafidloh 2013 The study of linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrases
and sentences is called semantics. Subfields of semantics are lexical semantics, which is concerned with the meanings of the words, and the
meaning relationships among words; and phrasal, or sentential semantics, which is concerned with the meaning of syntactic units
larger than the word. The study of how contexts affects meaning – for example, how sentence ‘It’s cold in here’ comes to be interpreted as
‘Close the window’ in certain situations – is called pragmatics.
Pragmatics is about the use of language in context, where context includes both the linguistics andor situational context of an utterance text
sentence. It is appropriately stated by Fromkin et al. 2011:167 that pragmatics is concerned with our understanding of language in context.
Communication clearly depends on not only recognizing the meaning of words in an utterance, but recognizing what speakers mean by their
utterances. Pragmatics is the study of what speakers mean, or “speaker meaning” Yule, 2010:127. When we speak with others, it is important for
us to interpret the meaning and also understand what the speaker means in the communication. They do not only interpret a single word but also
interpret what is meant by their utterances. Yule stated in his book “Pragmatics” that pragmatics is the study of
the relationships between linguistic forms and the users of those forms 10
111
1996: 4. It means that pragmatics focused on the linguistics forms of a speaker in which they are correlated each other. Furthermore, it is based on
the speaker meaning and linguistics forms. Pragmatics emphasizes on the meaning of either word or sentence based on the speaker’s utterance and
context of situation. From the above statements, generally, definition of pragmatics
cannot be separated from language and context. Thus, it can be concluded that pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning of an utterance based on
context so that, the communication can run well. We have to realize that the ability of language is not only from the appropriateness of the
grammatical rules but also from pragmatics rules.
B. Context
Kategori