2. Convivial aims in compliance with the social purposes, for instance
offering, inviting, greeting, thanking and congratulating. For example, “Can I help you with this?” it is kind of offering.
3. Collaborative aims at ignoring the social purposes as like asserting,
reporting, announcing, and instructing. It commits the speaker to the truth of expressed proposition. For example, “I like this book”. It is
kind of reporting.
4. Conflictive aims at conflicting against the social purposes, such as
threatening, accusing, and reprimanding. If you say again “I will say to your father”. It is kind of threatening.
G. Previous Studies
There are several studies which have been conducted previously by researchers. The previous studies have their own classifications in their
research. In this research, the researcher explains each of the previous studies briefly as follows:
The first previous study was conducted by Wardani who graduated in 2011. Her study entitled “An Analysis of Illocutionary Act in Prince of
Persia: The Sand of Time Movie”. In her study, she analyzed kinds of illocutionary acts used in Dastan’s utterances as the main character based
on the contexts occurred in the Prince of Persia: The Sand of Time movie. The second previous study was conducted by Faidhah who
graduated in 2014. Her study entitled “The Analysis of Illocutionary Act of The Novel “Port Royal” by Linda Chaikin”. In her study, she analyzed
kinds of utterances in all chapters taken from novel “Port Royal” by Linda 21
Chaikin. She focused on the types of illocutionary acts used in the novel itself. She used descriptive research approach in her study.
The third previous study was conducted by Zumaroh who graduated in 2012. Her study entitled “The Analysis of Speech Act Used in
“Air Force One” Movie Script”. In her study, she analyzed kinds of utterances in the dialogue taken from Air Force One movie script. Her
focus of the study is in the kinds of speech act that are used in the movie script. She used descriptive qualitative in her study.
From the three previous studies which have been described above, the researcher conducts the similar research entitled “The Analysis of
Illocutionary act in American Sniper Movie”. Those previous studies are used to help the researcher in giving general view for people about speech
act. The researcher distinguished the similarities among three previous studies with the research conducted by the researcher. The first, the
researcher used pragmatics approach to analyze the utterances. The second, the researcher analyzed types of illocutionary acts and this
research has several differences among three previous studies. First, the researcher used American Sniper movie which is considered as action
movie while three previous studies used novel, movie script, and the sand of time movie considered as dramatic movie as the object. Second, the
researcher used the theory of illocutionary act by Searle in this research and those previous studies tended to use Austin’s theory of illocutionary
act in analyzing the utterances.
H. Synopsis
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