exhibition, excommunicate, sentence in court, consecrate, bid at auction, declare at cricket. In this research, the researcher
didn’t find any declarative types in his utterances Chris Kyle.
2. The Functions of Illocutionary Act 1 Competitive
a Moving. Get down Get down on the ground right now Get
your fucking ass down IA-8 The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act
“Directive” because when Chris and his guys are looking for the bad guys in house to house, they are still finding a family
living in the house where the war occurs. They directly evacuate the family. Chris asks to his guys to get down the man
father because he doesn’t want anyone to live in the war area. The utterance which indicates directive type is “Get down Get
down on the ground right now” This utterance includes in competitive function to make an effect on the hearer.
b Check. Came in at an angel. Be 300 or more yards out.
IA-10 The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act
“directive” because Chris orders Marc Lee to check as like there is a shot towards us and it kills the driver of the truck in
the middle of the journey. Chris predicts that the shot came in from distance 300 or more out. This utterance includes in
competitive function in his utterance to make an effect on the hearer. It is kind of commanding.
c No, I don’t want you getting that in your head. IA-12
The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act “Directive” because it gets the hearer to do something.
Although Taya says, “You’re not protecting me by not talking about it.” But Chris replies, “No, I don’t want you getting that
in your head.” Because he doesn’t want her to worry about what Chris does now and he also wants her not to think so
much about him. Chris doesn’t want to answer her question because he will be fine. The utterance which indicates directive
type is “No, I don’t want you getting that in your head.” This utterance includes in competitive function because it has the
hearer to do something. It is kind of advising.
d Well, don’t tell my wife. She might take that number right now.
IA-15 The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act
“Directive”. It orders someone to do something Chris Kyle: Well, don’t tell my wife, she might take that number right about
now. Chris wants Col. Jones not to tell his wife that he is the most wanted man in Iraq and he doesn’t want his wife to call
him. He also doesn’t want Taya to be sorry for. Then, Col. Jones understands that he will not tell his wife about what he
does in order to hunt the Butcher and to protect the people there. The utterance which indicates directive type is “Well,
don’t tell my wife. She might take that number right now.” This 43
utterance includes in competitive function because it has the hearer to do something. It is kind of commanding.
e Pick it up off the floor. Off the floor. Make sure you get all of
them up. Well, you got one back here. IA-16 The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act
“Directive” because it gets someone to do something. This utterance means that Chris wants car reparatory to get down his
car because he is still paying the payment to the receptionist in order to be able to go directly. This utterance includes in
competitive function because it has the hearer to do something. It is kind of asking.
2 Convivial
a Oh fuck this. I’m gonna go clear houses with Marines. IA-7 The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act
“Commissive” because it commits the speaker to some future action. Here, Chris wants to join with his guys to clear the
houses because at the top of the building, Chris is not able to see the target clearly. They are looking for the bad guys in the
building. This utterance has convivial function because it aims in compliance with the social purpose.
b We have to do that. You are my brother and they are gonna fucking pay for what they did to you. IA-20
The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act “Commissive” because When Chris visits him at the hospital
45
where Biggles is taking care after he got shot in that building. Chris says to him, “we have to do that. You are my brother and
they are gonna fucking pay for what they did to you”. This means that Chris promises to Biggles that he will find him and
kill him for Biggles. Chris wants to make him glad after the accident. This utterance has convivial function because it aims
in compliance with the social purpose. c Yeah, I know. I’m sorry. I’m sorry IA-11
The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act “Expressive” because when Taya is waiting for him in the
airport. She feels very glad when meeting him again. When Taya asks to him, “I thought you were dead” then, Chris
answers, “Yeah, I know. I’m sorry. I’m sorry”. This utterance means that Chris feels very sorry to her because he has made
Taya feel worried about what Chris is doing now. Chris also feels sorry to her because he is not at home when she needs
him in her side. The utterance which indicates expressive type is “Yeah, I know. I’m sorry. I’m sorry” This utterance has
convivial function because it aims in compliance with the social purpose.
d I’m proud of you. Dad’s too. Dad’s proud of you. IA-13 46
The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act “Expressive” because when Chris at the airport, he meets his
brother Jeff. Chris feels very glad and proud of his brother Jeff. Although Jeff says, “I’m just tired, man. I’m going
home.” Chris is still very proud to him because he can prove to his father that Jeff can be one of the soldiers. The utterance
which indicates expressive type is “I’m proud of you. Dad’s too. Dad’s proud of you.” This utterance has convivial function
because it aims in compliance with the social purpose. e Thank you, sir. IA-14
The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act “Expressive” because when Chris is in the helicopter with Col.
Jones and his guys, Chris expresses his gratitude to Col. Jones when Col. Jones says, “You made Chief. Congratulations.”
Then, Chris answers, “Thank you, sir”. He is very confidence and very happy to be a chief in US Navy. This utterance
includes in convivial function because it aims in compliance with the social purpose and it is kind of thanking.
f Shit. Shot came from the east We set up in the wrong fucking direction. IA-22
The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act “expressive”. After Chris has already set up his position, he
47
knows that one of his guys is down after getting shot from the east. He also realizes that the shot came from the Butcher and
Chris feels very disappointed that he has set up the wrong position. The utterance which indicates expressive type is
“Shit” This utterance has convivial function because it aims in compliance with the social purpose.
3 Collaborative a Oh. Uh, no I wanted to be a cowboy, but… I don’t know. I did
that. I thought I was meant for something more. IA-1 The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act
“Assertive” because it commits the speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition. Here, when Taya asks Chris “Did you
always want to be a soldier?” then Chris answers “I wanted to be a cowboy but I did that and I felt like I was meant for more”.
In his utterance, Chris tells to her about what he has in his own. He said that he has become a cowboy and has the ability to
shoot since he was child. He really wants to be a soldier. This utterance has collaborative function because it announces the
hearer about his ability in shot.
b Negative sir. There is something out there. IA-2
The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act “Assertive” because it commits the speaker to the truth of the
expressed proposition. Here, when Chris tries to shoot towards 48
the target, then PO Tosh asks him to close his eye but Chris says to him that there is something there. Thus, Chris doesn’t
close his eye in order to shoot appropriately on target. This utterance has collaborative function because it reports the
hearer.
c There was a kid who barely had any hair on his balls. Mother
gives him a grenade. Sends him out there to kill Marines. Dude, that was evil like I never seen before. IA-3
The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act “Assertive” because it commits the speaker to the truth of the
expressed proposition. Here, Chris tells to Biggles that this kid is still a child but his mother gives him a grenade to kill
Marines. They both are out of building and his mother is carrying a grenade in her cloth towards the Marines. This
utterance includes in collaborative function because it reports the hearer.
d Uhn, fuck. They were clean, right? IA-4
The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act “Assertive” and it commits the speaker to the truth of the
expressed proposition because Chris knows that those shots are off target so, he says, “And they were clean, right?” it has
collaborative function in his utterances.
e I got six…well, that’s not true. I got eight…but they dragged
two off. IA-5 49
The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act “Assertive” because it commits the speaker to the truth of the
expressed proposition. Here, Chris reports to Marc Lee that he has killed eight men but he only says six men because two of
his guys are killed so, he counts his kills six. It has collaborative function in his utterance.
f It’s a boy IA-9
The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act “Assertive” because it commits the speaker to the truth of the
expressed proposition. When Taya calls him, she tells Chris that he will have a son from her as what he expects at first. It
includes in collaborative function in his utterance.
g Hey, some help here? My daughter’s crying. That’s my
daughter over there. I think she is crying. Tend to her, please Excuse me. Hey Hey where you going? Hey Hey, would you
tend to my daughter, please? Hey Hey, tend to my daughter, please Right now IA-17
When Chris at the hospital to visit his daughter, he knows that his daughter is crying but Chris cannot enter to the
room so he only looks at his daughter from the door. Chris tries to call the nurse but she doesn’t care of him. Chris wants the
nurse to tend to his daughter because she is crying loudly. This utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act “Assertive”
because it commits the speaker to the truth of the expressed
proposition. The utterance which indicates assertive type is “My daughter’s crying. That’s my daughter over there. I think
she is crying.” This utterance includes in collaborative function because it is kind of instructing.
h For what? What are you sorry for? It’s my fault we went on
that roof. IA-18 The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act
“Assertive” because it commits the speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition. Chris realizes that it is his fault so,
Biggles doesn’t need to be sorry for. Chris feels very regret because Biggles got shot when he and Chris are at the top of
the building to search the bad guys. This utterance includes in collaborative function because it is kind of asserting.
i I’m right here, right here. Oh shit, you are blind as a bat. IA-
19 The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act
“Assertive” because when Chris visits Biggles at the hospital, then he goes to the room where Biggles is taking care. Chris
greets him and he replies Chris’ greeting. Then, Biggles is not able to see where Chris at and Chris answers that he is beside
him. Chris is little bit sad because that shot makes his condition so bad. The utterance which indicates assertive type is “I’m
right here, right here” This utterance includes in collaborative function.
j All clear. Set security. IA-21
The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act “Assertive”. Chris tells to his guys that this building is clear
and safety for hunting the bad guys. Chris and his guys are moving around in the building to make sure that this building is
secure. The utterance which indicates assertive type is “all clear”. This utterance has collaborative function because it
aims at ignoring the social purpose.
k Correction. It’s 2100 yards out. IA-23
The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act “Assertive” because it commits the speaker to the truth of the
expressed proposition. In his utterance, Chris is very confidence in his mind that he is able to shoot the man the
butcher although it is a bit possible to shoot him in distance 2100 meters. He tries to believe in himself in order to make
Biggles be proud to him Chris. This utterance has collaborative function because it aims at ignoring the social
purpose.
l He has eyes on our guys. IA-24
The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act “Assertive” because it commits the speaker to the truth of the
expressed proposition. Here, Chris reports that the man the 51
52
butcher is still seeing around his guys and Chris can do well his mission to shoot the man down in order to do it for Biggles
who died in the butcher’s hand. Other guys are surprised by him because he can make the man down. This utterance has
collaborative function because it aims at ignoring the social purpose.
m Tango down IA-25
The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act “Assertive”. Chris reports to his guys that our main enemy has
been down. After Chris had an eye to the Butcher in distance 2100 yards, he tries to finish his mission to kill the man
because the man had killed his several guys. Actually his mission is for Biggles who was dead after getting shot from the
man. He kills the man for Biggles in order to make Biggles proud and glad. What Chris did was successful. The utterance
which indicates assertive type is “tango down” This utterance has collaborative function because it aims at ignoring the social
purpose.
4 Conflictive
a That is not the way the call home is supposed to go, babe. IA-6
53
The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act “Directive” because when Taya asks to Chris “have you killed
anyone yet?” and Chris answers “That is not the way the call home is supposed to go, babe”. Here, Chris tries not to answer
Taya’s question because he doesn’t want his wife to be sorry about what Chris does. It includes in conflictive function
because it aims at conflicting with the social purpose.
B. Discussion
