The additive connective n

8.1 Additive connectives

The procedural meaning of additive connectives consists in inviting the hearer to treat the information of an utterance as an addition to other information. The following five additives can be distinguished in Godié: • n ɩ ‘ADD1’, normally translated into English as ‘and’ or ‘then’ • -yä ‘ADD2’ with its variants -ya and ɩyä, all of which are translated as ‘and’ but may also be translated as ‘so that’ • s ɩɩ ‘ADD3’, which is commonly translated as ‘also’ • -mä ‘ADD4’, often translated as ‘but’, ‘however’, ‘now’ • -mää ‘ADD5’, also translated as ‘but’, ‘however’, ‘now’ The general instruction for interpretation that is common to all additives can be formulated as follows: • Treat the information added in the clause after the additive connective as an addition to already established information. The instruction for each of the different additive connectives specifies in which way exactly the information is to be added to the context. The five additive connectives are described in more detail below.

8.1.1 The additive connective n

ɩ ‘ADD1’ The additive connective n ɩ is the most frequent connective in Godié. Information connected by way of the additive n ɩ is to be seen as very closely related. That is certainly why among the five additive connectives n ɩ is the one with the shortest scope inasmuch as it connects only the information of noun phrases and clauses, not of larger discourse units such as sentences or paragraphs. The instruction for interpretation given by the additive n ɩ can be formulated as follows: • Consider the two pieces of information connected by n ɩ as very closely related. The connective ‘ n ɩ is used for connecting event information, as in examples 146a and 146b, as well as non-event information, as in 146c-e. The events can be successive, as in 146a, or simultaneous, as in 146b. 2 146 a. ɔ - mʋ nɩ ɔ -zla ɔ nagɔ -bhlo gɔlʋ 3 S go: CP ADD 1 3 S ask: CP 3 S friend one canoe ‘… he went to ask lit. and he asked one of his friends for a canoe.’ [greve 57–58] b. - mɔɔ gwäda wlu ɔ - kʋ ‘nɩ ɔ tu LOC kapok: DEF on_top 3 S BE 1 ADD 1 3 S cry: ICP ‘there he was sitting on top of the kapok tree crying lit. and he was crying.’ [sigo 193–194] c. ɔmɔ -mä ɔ plöö- ylä ŋwadi 3 S : TH ADD 4 3 S BE 2: CP now: LOP man ‘Now he, he was a man 2 The English translation in 147a by an infinitive construction shows the close relationship of the actions ‘go’ and ‘ask’. Likewise, in 147b the English translation of the second event as a participle signals its close connection to the first event. nɩ ɔ -yi ylä ŋie nä ADD 1 3 S know now: LOP swim SP 1 and he knew how to swim …’ [kazo 26–27] d. kuŋnʋkla -a - kʋ ylä - mɔɔ nyibhlëa ghost_old_woman: DEF NH 1: REL B E 1: CP now: LOP LOC river: DEF ‘The old woman’s ghost that was there in the river mʋ nɩ -a plöö- ylä - mɔɔ -zlëa nä OBL ADD 1 NH 1: REL BE 2: CP now: LOP LOC : GEN spirit: DEF SP 1 and that was its spirit lit. the spirit of there, a yä kazɔɔ kʋ bhlü NH 1 XPER raffia_washcloth: DEF VPC take it has taken the raffia washcloth.’ [kazo 29–31] The close connection between two pieces of information as constrained by ‘ n ɩ may in addition be expressed by parallel syntax, as in example 147. 147 ɔ -kä a lɩ nɩ ɔ -kä a - gänʋnyʋä 3 S have PST 2 thing: PL ADD 1 3 S have PST 2 slavery_people ‘He had riches and he had slaves.’ [filsprod 5–6] If ‘ n ɩ is followed by a yi clause see §9.1.2, as in example 148, the actions referred to happened in temporal sequence. 148 - Kɔkɔɔbhɛlʋ mʋʋ- pio lä nä nɩ ʋ yi Rooster NH 3: TH : REL hurry LOP SP 1 ADD 1 NH 3 XFUT ‘It was Rooster that hurried and he arrived Clikpëkʋ ŋë nɩ wa yiu dö ylä Tripoko arrive ADD 1 3 P XFUT :3 SO news ask at Tripoko, and they asked him the news.’ [kokoleko 19–21] This also applies to an action that follows upon reported speech material and is the confirmation or execution of what was said in the speech, as in example 149. 149 nä -a gä ye -yä - lɔɔ -ɔ -yi lä SP 1 1 P XPOT dance ADD 2 DPF REL know LOP ‘We’ll dance, then, and the one who knows yesä nä [kpazebhleku] -a gɔ ni [aao] dance:manner SP 1 NUPT 1 P XPOT :3 S find okay how to dance, we are going to find him. nɩ - Kɔkɔɔbhɛlʋ yi -jlëë slo [kpazebhleku] ADD 1 Rooster XFUT crowd: OBL meet NUPT And Rooster came out before the crowd, nɩ wa yi - mɔɔ plüü ŋʋ ADD 1 3 P XFUT LOC drum: PL : DEF put and they started beating the drums there.’ [kokoleko 23–27] The additive n ɩ may introduce direct speech in a reported conversation, with the implication that the speaker doesn’t change but that the same speaker adds an utterance to his speech, as in example 150. 150 ɔ lä - ɛɛ ɔ lä nɩ yua -wa gäma bhlä nä 3 S said yes 3 S said ADD 1 child: DEF : PL REL :3 P play: ICP PST 1: LOP SP 1 ‘He said, “Yes.” Then he added, “And the children who used to play together, -naa - lɔɔ -kʋ - lɔɔ -a 2 S : GEN DPF BE 1: CP there Q is yours there?”’ [sigo 356–357] The connective n ɩ is also used in contexts where the material connected is semantically in contrast, as in examples 151a and 151b. Note, however, that the contrastive interpretation is not due to the connective ‘ n ɩ but due to the semantic contrast between the two clauses. 151 a. n luënöɔ a kwiee 1 S think:falsely: APL :3 S PST 2 death: OBL ‘I thought he was dead nɩ ɔɔ - wʋ lä kuu- ADD 1 3 S : XNEG CNT 2 LOP die: CP and he wasn’t lit. I thought him in death and he hadn’t died …’ [filsprod 267–268] b. n ɔnɔ -yä n ɩ -n ɔnɔ kuu- DEMPR live: CP ADD DEMPR die: CP ‘One lit. that one lived and one lit. that one was dead.’ [siamoi 26]

8.1.2 The additive connective -yä ‘ADD2’