essential components and characteristics of these various styles, and 3 The techniques which may be employed in producing the
type of style desired. The translators should produce translation with the same as
the SL text, so the readers will feel like reading the SL text. It shows that the TL text has a good translation that is easy to
understand for the readers.
3. Translation Procedure
Translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language. Peter Newmark explains in his book that
there are fifteen translation procedures, they are:
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a. Transference :
Transference emprunt,
loanword, transcription is the process of transferring a SL word to a TL
text as a translation procedure, the word then becomes
loanword.
Example : radio = radio
b. Naturalization : It adapts the SL word first to the normal
pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL. Example :
symbol = simbol
Energy = energi
calendar = kalender
18
Peter Newmark, Op.cit, p. 81
serious = serius
crisis = krisis
c. Cultural Equivalent : It means replacing a cultural word in the
SL with a TL one. however, they are not accurate Example :
baseball =kasti April Fools = April Mop
d. Functional Equivalent : It requires the use of a culture-
neutralword. Example :
punt =rakit spatula = alat sudip
e. Descriptive Equivalent : In this procedure the meaning of the
CBT is
explained in
several words.
Example : Bajaj = a three-wheeled traditional vehicle
which usually located in Jakarta, Indonesia.
f. Componential Analysis : It means comparing an SL word
with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their
common and then their differing sense components. Example : Once in a blue moon = sangat jarang, hampir tidak
pernah
g. Synonymy : It is a near TL equivalent. Here economy
trumps accuracy.
Example : happy = glad = pleased = delighted
good = splendid = fine = excellent
h. Through-translation : It is the literal translation of common
collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan translation.
Example : Normal School
= Sekolah Normal The Bongolian Box = Kotak Bongolia
i. Shifts or transpositions : It involves a change in the grammar
