Borrowing Word And Its Procedure Of Literature Terminology In Teori Kesusastraan BookTranslated By Melani Budianta
A Thesis
Submitted to Adab and Humanities Faculty In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements
For The Strata One Degree
ANA NABILAH 1111026000014
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA
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Letters Department, Adab and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 2016.
In this research, the focus on borrowing word type and translation procedure in Teori Kesusastraan by Melani Budianta, it is translated from Theory of Literature by Rene Wellek and Austin Warren. The writer uses descriptive qualitative method. The words are analyzed by selecting and classifying the word into types of borrowing. The writer also analyses the translation procedure that applied in that borrowing word. To support the research, the writer uses some dictionaries both English literary term and Indonesian literary term to find the meaning. The writer finds eleven selected borrowing words from English into Indonesian literary term. First, only one word of loanword type; second, seven words of loanblend type; and third, three words of loanshift type. Then, the writer finds three translation procedures of the borrowing words. The translation procedures are transference with three words, naturalization with seven words and shift or transpotition with one word. Therefore, loanblend as type of borrowing word and naturalization of translation procedure are the most found in this research since the change of borrowing words follow the Indonesian rules. From this research, the writer suggests to the readers to learn and discuss about borrowing words in order to know these have changes or same in meaning, spelling and pronunciation which are taken from other language.
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MELANI BUDIANTA
A Thesis
Submitted to Adab and Humanities Faculty In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements
For The Strata One Degree
Ana Nabilah NIM. 1111026000014
Approved by: Advisor
Danti Pudjianti, S.Pd., M.M., M.Hum NIP. 19731220 199903 2 004
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA
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iii NIM : 1111026000014
Title : Borrowing Word and Its Procedure of Literature Terminology in Teori Kesusastraan Book Translated by Melani Budianta
This thesis entitled above has been defended before the Letter and Humanities Faculty’s Examination Committee on June 24th
, 2016. It has already been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of strata one.
Jakarta, June 24th, 2016 Examination Committee
Signature Date
1. Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd (Chair Person) _________ ________ 19640710 199303 1 006
2. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum. (Secretary) _________ ________ 19781003 200112 2 002
3. Danti Pudjianti, S.Pd, M.M., M.Hum. (Advisor ) _________ ________ 19731220 199903 2 004
4. Dr. Frans Sayogie, S.H., M.H., M.Pd. (Examiner I) _________ ________ 19700310 200003 1 002
5. M. Agus Suriadi, M.Hum. (Examiner II) _________ ________ 19780801 201411 1 001
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of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.
Jakarta, April 2016
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First of all, all praise be to Allah SWT, the Lord of the universe for his help in completing this thesis. Then, peace and blessing be upon to our beloved prophet Muhammad SAW and all his family, his companions and his followers.
The thesis is submitted in partial accomplishment of the requirement for the strata 1 degree to The Faculty of Adab and Humanities, English Letters Department State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
In this occasion, the writer would like to convey the deepest thanks to:
1. Her beloved parents, Komarudin Adnawi, Lc and Nenden Mardiah for their prayers, love and support during her study until finishing this thesis. And also all families who have been support her to finish this thesis. 2. Her advisor, Mrs. Danti Pudjianti, S.Pd., M.M., M.Hum who has been
patient and giving her time, support and advice from the first until finishing her thesis.
3. The Dean of the Faculty of Adab and Humanities, Prof. Dr. Syukron Kamil, M.Hum.
4. The Head of English Letters Department, Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd.
5. The Secretary of English Letters Department, Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum. 6. All lectures at English Letters Department, who have taught the writer
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all kinds, loves, supports, cares, even happy or sad always tobe the best friends during her study.
9. All classmates, senior and junior in English Letters Department, who have giving her support during her study.
10.All who has given her supports and helped the writer to finish her study that cannot be mentioned all.
These all thanks are not enough to give appreciatons for all their contributions on this thesis, May Allah SWT bless them. The writer also hopes this thesis will be useful for all people.
Jakarta, April 2016
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APPROVAL SHEET ... ii
LEGALIZATION ... iii
DECLARATION ... iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ... v
LIST OF TABLE ... vii
TABLE OF CONTENT ... viii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. Background of The Study ... 1
B. Focus of The Study ... 4
C. Research Question ... 4
D. Significance of The Study ... 5
E. Research Methodology... 5
1. The Objective of The Research ... 5
2. The Method of Research ... 5
3. Data Analysis ... 6
4. Instrument of Research ... 6
5. Unit of Analysis ... 6
CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION ... 2
A. Previous Research ... 2
B. Translation ... 11
1. Definition of Translation ... 11
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2. Borrowing Factors ... 21
3. Types of Borrowing ... 23
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH FINDING ... 25
A. Data Description ... 25
B. Data Analysis ... 27
1. Loanword and Its Translation Procedure ... 27
2. Loanblend and Its Translation Procedure ... 29
3. Loan Shift and Its Translation Procedure ... 39
CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGESTIONS………...44
A. Conclusion………..44
B. Suggestion ... 45
BIBLIOGRAPHY………47 APPENDICES………..49 1. A Glosarry Of Literary Terms... 48
2. The Routledge Dictionary Of Literary Terms ... 64
3. The Concise Oxford Dictionary Of Literary Terms ... 67
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1 A. Background of The Study
As a globalization era, language develops in specific department such as business, politic, education, engineering, literature and many more. Because of that, every language has its own terminology. Kerap states, “ In any modern communication, every language has obtained or taken one or more words from other languages”1
. In the other word, the Indonesian language borrows word from English language or other language.
Language is an important aspect in human life, because language is a communication tool between humans to deliver their ideas. Catford defines that language as a type of human behavior and the ways of human being interacts each other in social life.2 All people speak to communicate each other through language, both written and oral.
Language can be spoken (oral) and also can be written (text). In the written language, form aspect is text which is read and can be absorbed in mind, and the meaning aspect means how the readers interpret the text of what they read. Meaning aspect can be seen more broadly and usually called as message in the Translation Theory. Translation Theories were born
1
Goris Kerap. Teori dan Seni Menerjemahkan, (Jakarta: Nusa Indah, 1980), p.24. 2
J.C. Catford, A Linguistic Theory of Translation (London: Oxford University Press, 1965)
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because of a number of senior and academies have experiences in studying translation and also because of many creations are translated now.
Translation is a very useful job in our life, not only for getting the information, but also for understanding each other. Today, translation becomes one thing that cannot be avoided. Translation is transferring someone’s mind concept from one language to the other language. In the translation process, there is always a shift, so the translation text can change message and meaning sense the writer of source text. That happened because language that is used by people is always dynamic, based on the times and place. So language will always develop based on period and place.
Translation from one language to another language is not an easy work. In translation, delivering message is an important thing. Besides it is important, translation is a difficult job. The difficulties of understanding and getting the message from the media of other language is often happened. So that, good quality translation is needed to produce translation text which can be understood and the message can be delivered to the readers without increasing the message of source text.
Quality of translation is needed for understanding the message of target text. Good translation can be only produced by a translator who has high qualification, because translation process involves two language, they are source language (SL) and target language (TL). So, to produce good translation, a translator should understand cultures of countries for giving an idea dan meaning from source language to target language.
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Translating science books from foreign language to Indonesian is the important way, because it will get two benefits. First, translation will help us to get knowledge information easily. Second, translation is a process for Indonesian language become knowledge aspects.
Borrowing becomes an important part in linguistics study , because we communicate with different language and culture, so that many people use foreign language in their communication to make their communication easily and understanding each other. There are so many borrowing words from English that used in Indonesian, not only word but also phrase.
Borrowing is the process of borrowing word from foreign languages.3 Borrowing happened when a language add one word or morpheme from other language into that word. That also often happened in communication, that is when speaker communicate with other people in different language. Pronunciation of Borrowing word often changes because that is for matching the phonological aspect of that borrowed language.
In translation, Borrowing is translation technique from source language into target language. For example, in English word “ambition” means “a strong hope“, but after borrowed tobe “ambisi” in Indonesian, it means a desire to have a power and has a negative meaning.
3
Martina Wagner, Word Formation Proccesses: How new words Developin the English Languages, (Ms Kraft Winter Term 2010) p. 6
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Although Indonesian language has many equivalent words, some translators prefer to use borrowing words because of several reasons.such as the translators do not realize that the borrowing words have Indonesian equivalent words, in order to make the target readers understand the message easily.
Consequently, this study will analyze the comprehension of borrowing words of literature terminology from Theory of Literature book by Rene Wellek and Austin Werren which translated in Teori Kesusastraan book by Melani Budianta.
B. Focus of The Study
Based on the background of the study above, this research focus in types of borrowing word of literature terminology in Teori Kesusastraan book. Besides, this research also is to know the translation procedures that contains borrowing words in that literature terminology.
C. Research Question
Based on the background and focus of the study above, the writer will propose the following questions:
1. What types of borrowing words of literature terminology used in Teori Kesusastraan book with Hocket theory?
2. How are the translation procedures of borrowing words of literature terminology applied in Teori Kesusastraan book?
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D. Significance of The Study
The writer believes that this study is very useful to give knowledge information in translation, especially in translation procedures that study about borrowing word. In the other hand, this research is very useful to support and contribute the students that want to understand the meaning and the original words. The research is expected to give a deeper understanding to get the real meaning of the borrowing word occurring in Teori Kesusastraan book.
E. Research Methodology
1. The Objective of The Research
Based on research question, the objectives of the research from this research are:
a. Describing types of borrowing words in literature terminology. b. Describing the translation procedures of borrowing word from the
selected data.
2. The Method of Research
This research uses qualitative method by analyzing and describing types of borrowing words and their translation procedures that used in literature terminology. Beside that, the writer also explains the reasons of the analyses to have a strong argument.
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3. Data Analysis
The writer uses the technique of descriptive analysis by using the following steps:
a. Collecting the borrowing words which are collected from Teori Kesusastraan book.
b. Classifying the selected data into types of borrowing.
c. Analyzing the borrowing types based on Chraless F. Hocket theory.
d. Analyzing the borrowing word into translation procedures based on Peter Newmark theory.
e. Writing a report of study.
4. Instrument of Research
This research uses the data card as main instrument to get qualitative data when analyzing words in Teori Kesusastraan book. Then, the data are tabulated in the focus of data description, then analyzed them in the data analysis.
5. Unit of Analysis
The writer chooses and takes unit of analysis in this research is
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published by A Harvest Book, Harcourt, Brace & World, INC, New York, London. And its translation is Teori Kesusastraan that published by PT. Gramedia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Comparison Book in SL and TL
ENGLISH INDONESIA
Name Theory of Literature Teori Kesusastraan Author Rene Wellek & Austin
Warren
Melani Budianta Publisher A Harvest Book,
Harcourt, Brace & World, INC
PT Gramedia
Year of published 1977 1989
Number of Pages 201 276
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8 CHAPTER II
THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Previous Research
There are many researchers doing the research that focused on borrowing words. They are: Borrowing Word Translation in Digital Camera
Magazine Published in Indonesia for March 2014 Edition by Achmad Yusuf
(2015), An Analysis of English Borrowing Word in Indonesian Computer
Terminology by Hervan Prianggi Rezardy (2013), The Analysis of English
Borrowing Word in Warta Ekonomi Magazine by Shara El Azizah Bazar
(2012), and Morphophonological Changes of Borrowed Words from English to Lubukusu dialect of Western Kenya by Watera Muambu Evans (2014).
The first research is entitled Borrowing Word Translation in Digital
Camera Magazine Published in Indonesia for March 2014 Edition by
Achmad Yusuf (2015). The study focused on borrowing word, and categorize it into kind of borrowing word. He used the theory of borrowing word from Charles F. Hocket to analyze and classify the borrowing word, then he used the theory of procedure of translation from Imam Malik. He found nineteen borrowing words in Digital Camera Indonesia magazine that translated from Digital Camera World, then he categorize the borrowing word into three types, they are: loanword, loanblend and loanshift. He also categorize the
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words with theory of procedure of translation from Imam Malik into four types. They are: Adoption, adaptation, translation and creation.4
The second research is entitled An Analysis of English Borrowing
Word in Indonesian Computer Terminology by Hervan Prianggi Rezardy
(2013). This research focused on the way in which the autour finds kinds of semantic change that may happen and word formation process that uses in computer terminology. He uses the qualitative descriptive method to collect the data in accordance to the relevant theory in this research. He takes twenty borrowing words from English in Indonesian computer terminology. The process that presented in this research is semantic change such as extension, narrowing, and same in meaning. Then, the process of word-formation is such as compounds, acronyms, back-formation, abbreviations, word from names, blends and prefixes-suffixes.5
The third research is The Analysis of English Borrowing Word in
Warta Ekonomi Magazine by Shara El Azizah Bazar (2012). It is focused on
the types of borrowing words that are utilized and kinds of semantic change that happened to the borrowed-words. In this research, the writer used the qualitative method and descriptive analysis technique, are utilized in analyzing the compiled data. From the two research questions, the result of the analysis shows that there are two types of borrowing, namely Loanblend
4
Achmad Yusuf, Borrowing Word Translation in Digital Camera Magazine Published in Indonesia for March 2014 Edition, (Jakarta: UIN Syahid, 2015).
5
Hervan Prianggi Rezardy, An Analysis of English Borrowing Word in Indonesia Computer Terminology, (Jakarta: UIN Syahid, 2013)
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and Loanword. From this research, the dominance of the borrowed-words is Loanblend with 80% and Loanword with 20%, then there are some changes of meaning occur to the data, some are specialization and few of generalization.6
The last is entitled Morphophonological Changes of Borrowed Words
from English to Lubukusu dialect of Western Kenya by Watera Muambu
Evans (2014). The study adopted the theory Natural Generative Phonology (NGP) which was propaganted by Hopper as the theoretical framework. The study is identified and described the morphophonological change that the loanwords from English go through to fit into Lubukusu speech system and established morphophonological rules that account for the changes. The loanwords were recorded on a magnetic tape during articulation for the sake of analysis to get a clear picture of their morphophonological structure. There were lot of consonantal changes like consonant insertion, consonant delition and consonant substitution among others. And also vowel changes such as vowel delition, vowel substitution, and vowel insertion. 7
From the previous research above, the writer did not find the research that focused on literature term. So she chooses to do her research about that.
6
Shara El Azizah Bazar, The Analysis of English Borrowing Word in Warta Ekonomi Magazine, (Jakarta: UIN Syahid, 2012).
7
Watera Muambu Evans, Morphophonological Changes of Borrowed Words from English to Lubukusu Dialect of Western Kenya, (Kenya: Busoga University, 2014).
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B. Translation
1. Definition of Translation
According to Newmark, “Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text.”8 Based on Oxford dictionary, translation is “the process of changing something that is written or spoken into another language.”9
Nida dan Taber explain in their book that translation is to produce comparison of target language from source language message, the first one is in meaning term and the second one is in style term.
Translating consist in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in
term of meaning and secondly in terms of style.10
Nida and Taber statement above show that a translator transfers message from source language into target language, in order to make people have the same impression when read target language and source language text.
And according to J.C Catford, “Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language, by equivalent textual material in
8
Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation, (London: Prentice Hall, 1988), p.5. 9
A S Hornby, Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, (Oxford University Press, 2000)
10
Eugene A. Nida and CR. Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation (Lerden: E.J. Brill, 1982), p.12
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another language.”11
It means translators look for the equivalent word from source language into target language by knowing the culture both source and target texts to get the equivalent word.
Based on the definition above, we can make conclusion of translation definition. First, finding the equivalent word between source and target language. Second, transferring message from source language into target language.
2. Translation Process
The process of translation can be describe as in figure below:12
A (Source) B (Receptor)
Analysis Restructuring
X Transfer Y
A System of translation above consist of a more elaborate procedure comprising three stages: (I) analysis, in which the surface structure is analyzed in terms of (a) the grammatical relationship and (b) the meanings of the words and combinations of the words, (2) transfer, in which the analyzed material is transferred in the mind of
11
J.C. Catford, Op. cit, p. 20 12
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the translator from language A to language B, and (3) restructuring, in which the transferred material is restructured in order to make the final message fully acceptable in the receptor language.13
1) Analyzing
When analyzing a text, the first time we should do is reading all the text that will be translated, in order to know what the writer will deliver to the reader and also to identify the difficult word and the terms.
Nida and Taber explain in their book that there are three major steps in analysis.14
“There are three major steps in analysis: (I) Determining the meaningful relationships between the words and combinations of words, (2) the referential meaning of the words and special combinations of words, (3) the connotative meaning i.e how the user of the language react, whether positively or negatively to the words and combinations of them.”
So the first time we should analyze is the meaning of its grammatical, because the sentence with the same construction grammar will have the same meaning or different meaning, or maybe the sentence with different grammatical has the same meaning. Such as in the phrase the God of peace, it is not speaking about a peaceful God, but God who causes or produces peace.15
13
Ibid, p. 33. 14
ibid, p. 34. 15
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The conclusion is that the construction Noun + of + Noun can “mean” many different things, depending on what nouns are involved and what meanings we assign to them. In the other words, this construction means not one relation, but many.
2) Transferring
After having completed the processes of analysis, which involve both grammatical and semantic aspects of the text, it is then essential that the result of the analysis be transferred from language A to language B, that is from the source language to the receptor language. There have personal problems in transferring message.16
a) Too much knowledge of the subject matter
The translator who has too much topic knowledge when translating text is will not get good translation. Sometimes the translator forgets to the readers, so the translator translate the SL text based on the translator’s knowledge that maybe the readers do not understand.
b) Taking Translationese for granted
This form of language is often accepted, especially by educated nationals, as the only possible medium for communicating materials which have first been expressed in a
16
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foreign language, so that the readers who do not understand the source language will be difficult to understand because in TL text is used many SL terms.
c) Insecurity about one’s own language
In the first place, some national writers feel obliged to imitate the forms of other languages which they regard as having more prestige. They borrow not only words, idioms, and stylistic devices, but also grammatical forms. In the second place, insecurity in a national about his own language, so the words, idioms, and stylistic devices, but also grammatical forms forced to be written as target language text.
d) A desire to preserve the mystery of language
Some persons, both national and foreign, genuinely fear that if the Scriptures are made fully clear, something of the mystery of religion will be lost. So that the translator keep to use source language terms in order to keep and save mystery of the words.
e) Wrong theological presupposition
There is preference to say that the religion “A” is more in keeping the tenets than the religion “B”, for they regard the religion “B” as being essentially a dedicated document. We
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can emphasize the basic principle that contextual consistency is more important than verbal consistency, and that in order to preserve the content it is necessary to make certain changes in form.
f) Ignorance of the nature of translation
The average person naively thinks that language is words, so the translators only replacing word in language “A” with a word in language “B”. That is wrong perception. The expert translators and linguists have been able to demonstrate that the individual sentence in turn is not enough. The focus should be on the paragraph, and to some extent on the total discourse. In this transferring, the translator decide to choose which ideology the translator will use (foreignization or domestication), which method or what technique the translators will use from three aspects (accuracy, naturalness or readibility).
3) Restructuring
In structuring the message after having transferred it from the source language to the receptor language, it is essential that one consider the problems from three perspective, they are:17 (1)The varieties of language or of styles which may be desirable, (2) The
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essential components and characteristics of these various styles, and (3) The techniques which may be employed in producing the type of style desired.
The translators should produce translation with the same as the SL text, so the readers will feel like reading the SL text. It shows that the TL text has a good translation that is easy to understand for the readers.
3. Translation Procedure
Translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language. Peter Newmark explains in his book that there are fifteen translation procedures, they are:18
a. Transference : Transference (emprunt, loanword, transcription) is the process of transferring a SL word to a TL text as a translation procedure, the word then becomes loanword.
Example : radio = radio
b. Naturalization : It adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL. Example : symbol = simbol
Energy = energi calendar = kalender
18
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serious = serius crisis = krisis
c. Cultural Equivalent : It means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. however, "they are not accurate" Example : baseball =kasti
April Fools = April Mop
d. Functional Equivalent : It requires the use of a culture-neutralword.
Example : punt =rakit
spatula = (alat) sudip
e. Descriptive Equivalent : In this procedure the meaning of the
CBT is explained in several words.
Example : Bajaj = a three-wheeled traditional vehicle which usually located in Jakarta, Indonesia.
f. Componential Analysis : It means "comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components." Example : Once in a blue moon = sangat jarang, hampir tidak pernah
g. Synonymy : It is a "near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy.
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Example : happy = glad = pleased = delighted good = splendid = fine = excellent
h. Through-translation : It is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan translation. Example : Normal School = Sekolah Normal
The Bongolian Box = Kotak Bongolia
i. Shifts or transpositions : It involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth.
Example : Cats are carnivores = kucing adalah hewan karnivora.
j. Modulation : It occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective.
Example : He broke his leg. ( Dia mematahkan kakinya.)
k. Recognized translation : It occurs when the translator "normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term." (Newmark, 1988b:89)
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Example : UK (United Kingdom) = Britania Raya EU (European Union) = Uni Eropa
l. Compensation : It occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part.
Example : A pair of scissors = sebuah gunting
m. Paraphrase : In this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more detailed than
that of descriptive equivalent.
Example : the signal was red. (When the light was red, trains could not go.)
n. Couplets : It occurs when the translator combines two different procedures.
Example : China's foreign ministry denied any knowledge of G-mail being blocked. (Kementerian Luar Negeri Cina membantah pihaknya mengetahui G-mail diblokir.)
o. Notes : Notes are additional information in a translation. Example : Stonhenge is the place to go for tourist and druids. NB : The Druids were priests who carried out religious rituals in Iron Age Britain.
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C. Borrowing
1. Definition of Borrowing
According to J. Heath in the book Concise Encyclopedia of
Sociolinguistics, “Borrowing is a form that has spread from one
linguistics variety (the source) into another variety (the target or replica). In this sense it is nearly synonymous with loanword but a borrowing is an often really stem (smaller than a word) and may be a phrase (larger than a word)”.19
Victoria Fromklin and Robert Rodman said that borrowing occurs when one language adds to its own lexicon.this happened when speakers of different language interact with another.20
From definition above, we can summarize borrowing is taking word from other language to make easy for saying something by words without creates words before.
2. Borrowing Factors
There are some factors why one language borrows word from other language, those will be explained below:
a. Social, Economy and Political Factors
19
Rajend Mesthrie, Consise Encyclopedia of Sociolinguistics, -in J. Heath, Borrowing, (Amsterdam–New York –Oxford-Shannon-Singapure-Tokyo: Elsevier Science Ltd, 2001), p. 432.
20
Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman, An Introduction to Language, (Harcourt Brace College Publisher, 1998), p. 505
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Language always changes for a lot of reason, based on place and period. Language always response to social, economic and political pressure. It can be caused by invasions, colonization and migration.21
b. Need and Prestige Factors
Language borrows word from other language caused by need and prestige. When speakers of a language acquire new item or concept from abroad, they need a new term to go along acquisition.22
The summarizing reasons for borrowing that have been opposites by researches in recent years:23
a. As result of the cultural dominance of the donor language. b. To be associated with speakers of the dominant language. c. To fill lexical gaps in a recessive language well along in the
process of shift.
d. To facilitate understanding with younger speakers who are no longer familiar with original forms of the recessive language. e. For affect or convenience.
21
Janet Holmes, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. (London & Newyork: Longman, 1992), p. 22
22
Lyle Campbell. Historical Linguistics:An Introduction (Edinburg University Press 1999), p. 59
23
Fedric W Field. Foreward by Bernard Comrie, Linguistic Borrowing in Bilingual Context, (Amsterdam: John Benjamin Publishing Company, 1984), p. 23
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3. Types of Borrowing
Charless F. Hocket explained the borrower is being confronted with some new object or practice for which he needs words. Under these conditions it does not always happen that the borrower imports bodily the words already used by the donor; in fact, three rather distinct things may happen, giving rise respectively to loanwords,
loanblends and loanshift.24
a. Loanword
The loanword is the process of morphological importation involving no morphological replacement but with or without substitution phoneme. These importations do not imply grammatical change. In can be included the borrower adopted the pronunciation and spelling from original word.
Example: hamburger <hamburger>.
b. Loanblend
The loanblend is the combination of morphological substitution and importation, but the structure fits the model. The loandblend process is combination of foreign and native word. It
24
Charless F. Hokket, A Course in Modern Linguistics, (New York: The Mc Milan Company, 1958) p. 408-413.
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has similarly a loanblend is a new idiom develops in borrowing process.
Example: klub <club>.
c. Loanshift
The loanshift is another process that occurs in adapting native words to the new meanings.
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25 CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Data Description
In Teori Kesusastraan book found a lot of words that are borrowed in literature term, Then the writer just selects eleven words from sixteenth chapter which are going to be analyzed as corpus data. The analysis of that words is in order to know types the word is loanword, loanblend or loanshift type.
In the next step of analysis, the writer analyzed the translation procedures of each word. The SL and TL are arranged to ease comparison between them in considering the translation process to translate some borrowing words. The writer uses some dictionaries to support the analysis to find the meaning of each word, those dictionaries are:
1) M. H. Abrams, A Glossary of Literary Terms, (Cornell University: Earl Mc Peek, 1999)
2) Chris Baldick, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001)
3) Peter Childs and Roger Fowler, The Routledge Dictionary of Literary Terms,(Routledge: London and New York, 2006)
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4) Abdul Rozak Zaidan, Anita K. Rustapa and Hani’ah, Kamus Istilah Sastra, (Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, 2007)
Here are the data descriptions of the eleven selected words which can be seen at the table below:
Classification of Borrowing Word No Borrowing
Types
SL Page TL Page Translation
Procedure
1 Loanword Motif 207 Motif 276 Transference
2 Loanblend Epic 205 Epik 282 Naturalization
Allusion 208 Alusi 287 Naturalization
Metonymic 210 Metonimia 291 Naturalization Metaphoric 210 Metafora 291 Naturalization
Theme 211 Tema 292 Naturalization
Irony 213 Ironi 294 Naturalization
Soliloqui 215 Solilokui 297 Naturalization 3 Loanshift dramatic
monologue
212 Monolog dramatik
293 Shift / transpotition
Drama 201 Drama 276 Transference
Plot 203 Plot 280 Transference
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B. Data Analysis
From the data description above, the writer is going to explain eleven words. The analysis will be explained about Source Language (SL) and Target Language (TL). The analysis uses Charles F. Hocket theory of borrowing. And to get meaning of borrowing words from SL to TL is used the dictionary. And the data also classifies to the types of borrowing word and applied to the translation procedure. The selected data can be analyzed as follows:
1. Loanword and Its Translation Procedure
Based on English Literary Terms of A Glossary of Literary Terms, the meaning of motif is conspicuous element, such as a type of incident, device, reference, or formula, which occurs frequently in works of literature. For example: In all the famed fairytales, the motif of a „handsome prince‟ falling in love with a „damsel in distress‟ and the two being bothered by a wicked step-mother/evil
SL : Motif (Theory of Literature)
“The Russian formalist, and German form analysts like
Dibelius, give the term “motif”.
TL : Motif (Teori Kesusastraan)
“Kaum formalis Rusia dan para peneliti bentuk dari Jerman
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witch/ beast and finally conquering all and living „happily ever after‟ is a common motif.25
In Indonesian literary terms of Kamus Istilah Sastra, motif means Gagasan dan sifat lakuan yang berulang dalam karya sastra, baik berupa peran, citra yang berulang, ataupun pola pemakaian kata. Such as: Pengembaraan Panji, tokoh nenek Kabayan, Ibu tiri, anak bungsu, anak durhaka, and many more.”26
The translator translated the word motif into motif, based on the dictionary both English and Indonesian, it has the same meaning. The translator has done correctly to translate that term.
This term typed into loanword. Motif is used in target language text because it does not have the matching word and it has existed in Indonesian dictionary, so it is better to use the SL word “Motif” .
The translator used “transference” translation procedure that takes form and meaning of the SL word which is absorbed totally. The word “Motif” is used in TL text because that word is familiar in literary area, so it will make the reader of TL text will be more easier to understand.
25
M. H. Abrams, A Glossary of Literary Terms, (Cornell University: Earl Mc Peek, 1999), p. 169
26
Abdul Rozak Zaidan, Anita K. Rustapa, and Haniah, Kamus Istilah Sastra, (Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, 1994), p. 133
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2. Loanblend and Its Translation Procedure a.
Based on English Literary Terms of A Glossary of Literary Terms, the meaning of epic is a long verse narrative on a serious subject, told in a formal and elevated style, and centered on a heroic or quasi-divine figure on whose actions depends the fate of a tribe, a nation, or (in the instance of John Milton's Paradise
Lost) the human race.27
In Indonesian literary terms of Kamus Istilah Sastra, epic means prosa atau puisi kisahan panjang tentang perbuatan kesatria dan pahlawan, berisi cerita kepahlawanan, berisi cerita kepahlawanan yang menggabungkan mitos, legende, cerita rakyat, dan sejarah.”28
The translator translated the word epic into epik, based on the dictionary both English and Indonesian, it has the same meaning. The translator has done correctly to translate that term.
27
M. H. Abrams, Op. cit. P. 76 28
Abdul Rozak Zaidan, Anita Restapa, Haniah, Op. cit.p. 218 SL : Epic (Theory of Literature)
“The epic poet uses first person”
TL : Epik (Teori Kesusastraan)
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This term typed into loanblend, with adding suffix “K”, so the SL word “Epic” must be “Epik” in TL. The English word that has suffix -c it must be change into suffix –k to be Indonesian word, but the meaning is the same.
The translator is maintaining the meaning and spelling with “naturalization” procedure. The translator takes meaning of foreign word than the word is absorbed with the process of writing and spelling based on Indonesian rules.
b.
Based on English Literary Terms of A Glossary of Literary
Terms, the meaning of allusion is a passing reference, without
explicit identification, to a literary or historical person, place, or
event, or to another literary work or passage.29
29
M. H. Abrams, Op. cit.p. 9
SL : Allusion (Theory of Literature)
“Biblical allusion as a form of characterizing economy”
TL : Alusi (Teori Kesusastraan)
“Menunjukkan bagaimana alusi Bibel dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai suatu cara ekonomis untuk
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In Indonesian literary terms of Kamus Istilah Sastra, allusion means acuan tidak langsung ke suatu objek (tokoh atau peristiwa) dalam sastra, sejarah, atau seni lain, yang bisa berkisar
dari yang universal sampai ke yang samar dan sekejap.30
The translator translated the word allusion into alusi, based on the dictionary both English and Indonesian, it has the same meaning. The translator has done correctly to translate that term.
This term typed into loanblend. The synonym of allusion is alusi in Indonesian with changing suffix of the SL “ion” to be “si” in Indonesian. Literal translation is not the right method because that word has a long definition.
The procedure of translation is “naturalization” that changing the form. The SL word allusion has equivalence word in Indonesian, that is alusi. The word has been familiar in literature term that will make the reader will be clearly understand of the text. It is Indonesian rule by reducing where the word with suffix “ion” in English.
30
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c.
Based on English Literary Terms of The Concise Oxford
Dictionary of Literary Terms, the meaning of is Figure of speech
that replaces the name of one thing with the name of something
else closely associeted with it.31
In Indonesian literary terms of Kamus Istilah Sastra, metonymic means jenis sinekdok yang berupa penggantian nama
objek atau gagasan dengan kata lain yang ada gagasannya.32
The translator translated the word metonymic into metonimia, based on the dictionary both English and Indonesian, it has the same meaning. The translator has done correctly to translate that term.
31
Chris Baldick, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 154
32
Abdul Rozak Zaidan, Anita Restapa, Haniah, Op. cit. p. 130 SL : Metonymic (Theory of Literature) “Maybe viewed as metonymic, metaphoric,
expressions of character”
TL : Metonimia (Teori Kesusastraan)
“Dapat dianggap berfungsi sebagai metonimia, atau
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This term typed into loanblend, because suffix of the SL word is changed into metonimia in Indonesian. Indonesian has been already used this word that commonly used in literary term.
The procedure that used is “naturalization” procedure, it has equivalence in Indonesian. So the translator is only takes meaning of the English word which is absorbed and both writing and spelling is changed based on the Indonesian rules. The TL word metonimia is experience changing spell from the original word metonymic.
d.
Based on English Literary Terms of A Glossary of Literary
Terms, the meaning of metaphor is a departure from the literal
(that is, the standard) use of language which serves as a condensed or elliptical simile, in that it involves an implicit comparison
between two disparate things.33
33
M. H. Abrams, Op. cit.p. 155
SL : Metaphoric (Theory of Literature) “Maybe viewed as metonymic, metaphoric,
expressions of character”.
TL : Metafora (Teori Kesusastraan)
“Dapat dianggap berfungsi sebagai metonimia, atau
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In Indonesian literary terms of Kamus Istilah Sastra, metaphor means majas yang mengandung perbandingan yang tersirat yang menyamakan hal yang satu dengan hal yang lain.”34
The translator translated the word metaphoric into metafora, based on the dictionary both English and Indonesian, it has the same meaning. The translator has done correctly to translate that term.
This term typed into loanblend. The SL word “Metaphoric” is changed into TL word as “Metafora” where the letter ”ph” becomes “f” in Indonesian and the suffix is also changed into “a” becomes Metafora in Indonesian.
Loan element that process of writing and pronouncing are adjusted with Indonesian language principle. It is used “naturalization” translation procedure. If the SL word “Metaphoric” is translated literally, it will have long definition that will make the reader confused with the text. So that is why the translator chooses to use “Metafora” as TL text, because word “Metafora” has been familiar in literary area and it will make the reader easier to understand the text clearly.
34
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e.
Based on English Literary Terms of A Glossary of Literary
Terms, the meaning of theme is sometimes used interchangeably
with "motif," but the term is more usefully applied to a general concept or doctrine, whether implicit or asserted, which an imaginative work is designed to incorporate and make persuasive to the reader.35
In Indonesian literary terms of Kamus Istilah Sastra, theme means gagasan, ide, pikiran utama, atau pokok pembicaraan di dalam karya satra yang dapat dirumuskan dalam kalimat
pernyataan.36
The translator translated the word theme into tema, based on the dictionary both English and Indonesian, it has the same meaning. The translator has done correctly to translate that term.
35
M. H. Abrams, Op. cit.p. 169 36
Abdul Rozak Zaidan, Anita Rustapa, Haniah, Opcit. p. 204 SL : Theme (Theory of Literature)
“In the Canterburg Tales, suc grouping of themes (e.g. marriage).”
TL : Tema (Teori Kesusastraan)
“Dalam Canterburg Tales, pengelompokkan tema-
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This term typed into loanblend, because this word is adopted from English term theme, where the suffix “e” was changed into “a” tobe tema in Indonesian. If the SL word “theme” is translated literally, it will have long definition that will make the reader confused with the text.
The translation found the right procedure, that is “naturalization” procedure that experiencing blending form into tema. The meaning of SL to TL has the same meaning. This translation is useful for understanding the translation text of literary term because of similarity of meaning text.
f.
Based on English Literary Terms of The Routledge
Dictionary of Literary Terms, the meaning of irony is a mode of
SL : Irony (Theory of Literature)
“This characters are puppet he has manufactured is
doubtless a species of this literary irony”.
TL : Ironi (Teori Kesusastraan)
“Tokoh-tokohnya adalah boneka yang diciptakannya,
bukan manusia hidup. Kecenderungan ini termasuk
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discourse for conveying meanings different from, and usually
opposite to, the professed or ostensible ones.37
In Indonesian literary terms of Kamus Istilah Sastra, irony means majas yang berisi pernyataan yang mengandung pertentangan antara yang dikatakan dan kenyataan yang ada,
ketidaksesuaian antara harapan dan kenyataan yang dihadapi.38
The translator translated the word irony into ironi, based on the dictionary both English and Indonesian, it has the same meaning. The translator has done correctly to translate that term.
This term typed into loanblend, it is included as loanblend type of borrowing word. It has experienced blending form of the original word because the suffix –y in the original word is turned to the suffix –i into target word.
The data analysis used “naturalization” as its procedure, the sentence meaning does not change far away because word irony has
ironi as TL translation that clearly have the same meaning. So the
translation is easier to understand.
37
Peter Chlids and Roger Fowler, The Routledge Dictionary of Literary Terms,(Routledge: London and New York, 2006), p. 123
38
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g.
Based on English Literary Terms of A Glossary of Literary Terms, the meaning of soliloquy is the act of talking to oneself, whether silently or aloud. In drama it denotes the convention by which a character, alone on the stage, utters his or her thoughts
aloud.39
In Indonesian literary terms of Kamus Istilah Sastra, solilokui as same as senandika, that is percakapan seorang diri yang dilakukan oleh seorang tokoh dalam cerita rekaan atau drama yang berfungsi mengungkapkan perasaan, pikiran, konflik
batinnya yang paling dalam.40
The translator translated the word soliloquy into solilokui, based on the dictionary both English and Indonesian, it has the same meaning. The translator has done correctly to translate that term.
This term typed into loanblend. The word solilokui was borrowed the English word of soliloquy. It has experienced
39
M. H. Abrams, Op. cit.p. 289 40
Abdul Rozak Zaidan, Anita Rustapa, Haniah, Opcit. p. 185 SL : Soliloquy (Theory of Literature)
“the shakespearean soliloquy is one ancestor.” TL : Solilokui (Teori Kesusastraan)
“Nenek moyangnya adalah solilokui dalam drama
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blending form of the original word because the letter “q” was changed into “k” in TL and the suffix –y in the original word is turned to the suffix –i into target word.
The translation procedure that used is “naturalization” procedure to translate the word because that word has the equivalence. This translation is acceptable because that makes the reader is easier to understand the text.
3. Loan Shift and Its Translation Procedure
a.
Based on English Literary Terms of A Glossary of Literary Terms, the meaning of dramatic monologue is a lengthy speech by
SL : Dramatic Monologue (Theory of Literature)
“Poe‟s first person narratives are sometimes,
ostensibly, dramatic monolgues (“Amontillado”)
TL : Monolog Dramatik (Teori Kesusastraan)
“Naratif orang pertama dalam karya Poe, kadang-
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a single person, a speech delivered when a character is either
alone or isolated on the stage.41
In Indonesian literary terms of Kamus Istilah Sastra, dramatic monologue means puisi panjang yang mengungkapkan
posisi jika lirik menghadapi situasi kritis.42
The translator translated the word dramatic monologue into monolog dramatik, based on the dictionary both English and Indonesian, it has the same meaning. The translator has done correctly to translate that term.
This term typed into loanshift that experienced shifts in TL form. If this word does not separate, the translation is never existed. Indonesia has this phrase of literary term as its own language.
The translation procedure that used is “shift or transpotition”. Because there is the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL and Indonesia has this phrase as its own language.
41
M. H. Abrams, Opcit. P. 70 42
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b.
Based on English Literary Terms of A Glossary of Literary Terms, the meaning of drama is the form of composition designed for performance in the theater, in which actors take the roles of the characters, perform the indicated action, and utter the written
dialogue.43
In Indonesian literary terms of Kamus Istilah Sastra, drama means ragam sastra dalam bentuk dialog yang dimaksudkan untuk
dipertunjukkan di atas pentas.44
The translator translated the word drama into drama, based on the dictionary both English and Indonesian, it has the same meaning. The translator has done correctly to translate that term.
This term typed into loanshift. Indonesia has the equivalence word, that is cerita or kisah. In the Translation book
43
M. H. Abrams, Opcit. P. 69 44
Abdul Rozak Zaidan, Anita Rustapa, Haniah, Opcit. p. 60 SL : Drama (Theory of Literature)
“The modern descendant of the epic with drama, one
of the two great forms”
TL : Drama (Teori Kesusastraan)
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Teori Kesusastraan, cerita or kisah from TL word does not use in order to reduce misunderstanding between text and the reader.
The translator used “transference” translation procedure that takes form and meaning of the SL word which is absorbed totally. The word “drama” is used in TL text because that word is familiar in literary area, so it will make the reader of TL text will be more easier to understand.
c.
Based on English Literary Terms of A Glossary of Literary Terms, the meaning of plot is constituted by its events and actions,
SL : Plot (Theory of Literature)
“This word of Kosmos of a novelist – this pattern or
structure or organism which includes plot,
characters, setting, world view, tone ”
TL : Plot (Teori Kesusastraan)
“Dunia atau Kosmos seorang novelis – pola atau
struktur atau organisme yang meliputi plot, tokoh,
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as these are rendered and ordered toward achieving particular
artistic and emotional effects.45
In Indonesian literary terms of Kamus Istilah Sastra, plot means tahapan-tahapan peristiwa yang dihadirkan oleh para pelaku dalam suatu cerita, sehingga membentuk rangkaian cerita
yang menarik.46
The translator translated the word plot into plot, based on the dictionary both English and Indonesian, it has the same meaning. The translator has done correctly to translate that term.
This term typed into loanshift because Indonesian language has the synonym of the word and it is better to use alur for enrich the Indonesian words. The translation is still plot, however, it can be translated into alur and this translation better and it does defend the meaning of SL.
The translator used “transference” translation procedure that takes form and meaning of the SL word which is absorbed totally. The word “plot” is used in TL text because that word is familiar in literary area, so it will make the reader of TL text will be easier to understand.
45
M. H. Abrams, Opcit. P. 224 46
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44 CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
After analyzing the data of literature terminology in previous chapter, the writer analyzed and found the types of borrowing words such as loan word, loan blend and loan shift based on Charless F. Hocket theory and the translation procedures based on Peter Newmark theory.
The conclusions of this research are: first, There are one from eleven words that is included as loanword type, that is motif. Second, There are seven from eleven words that are included as loan blend types, the data as follows:epik, alusi, metonimia, metafora, tema, ironi, and
solilokui. And the third, there are three from eleven words that are
included as loan shift, the data as follows: drama, plot and monolog dramatik.
From fifteen translation procedures according to Newmark, the writer found three translation procedures that is applied the borrowing word, they are: transference, naturalization, and shift or transpotition. Naturalization with seven words found in Indonesian translation, they are:
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with three words, they are: motif, drama and plot. And shift or transpotition with one word, that is monolog dramatik.
From the data above, the writer conclude that loan blend of borrowing word and naturalization of translation procedure as the most in Indonesian translation. It means that Indonesian language especially in literature terminologies take from another language that has changed based on Indonesian language rules.
B. Suggestion
After finishing the analysis, the writer would like to suggest to :
1. Translators, who are translating the books about terms, especially literature terminology, they should know the meaning of the terms, so the translators will translate the terms correctly.
2. Students of translation, who are studying Indonesian borrowing words especially in literature terminology, they should understand the types of words and their meanings.
3. Government, to support the translation books that is translated from other country.
The writer thinks that this research is not enough yet for us to get more information about literature term, so that the writer suggest to the translators, student of translation, and government to learn and discuss about borrowing
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word from other language into Indonesian language. In order to know that there are vocabularies of Indonesian that borrow from other language, especially English that have changed or same meaning, spelling and pronunciation. We must be care, keep and save the Indonesian language.
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47
BIBLIOGRAPHY Books
Abrams, M.H. 1999. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Cornel University: Earl Mc Peek.
Baldick, Chris. 2001. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary terms. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bazar, Shara El Azizah. 2012. The Analysis Of English Borrowing Word in Warta Ekonomi Magazine. Jakarta: UIN Syahid.
Campbell, Lyle. 1998. Historical Linguistic: An Introduction. Eidinburg: Eidinburg University.
Catford, J.C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. New York: Oxford University Press.
Childs, Peter and Roger Fowler. 2006. The Routledge Dictionary of Literary Terms. London and New York: Routledge.
Field, Fedric W. 1984. Foreward by Bernard Comrie, Linguistic Borrowing in Bilingual Context. Amsterdam: John Benjamin Publishing Company. Fromkin, Victoria and Robert Rodman. 1998. An Introduction to Language, Sixth
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Hockett, Charles F. 1958. A Course in Modern Linguistic. New York: The McMilan Company.
Holmes, Janet. 1992. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. London and New York: Longman.
Hornby, AS. 2000. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. London: Oxford University.
Kerap, Goris. 1980. Teori dan Seni Menerjemahkan. Jakarta: Nusa Indah Mesthrie, Rajend. 2001. Consise Encyclopedia of Sociolinguistics. Oxford:
Elsevier Science Ltd.
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Nida, Eugene A. and C.R. Taber. 1982. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leriden: E.J. Brill.
Rezardy, Hervan P. 2013. An Analysis of English Borrowing Word in Indonesia Computer Terminology. Jakarta: UIN Syahid.
Yusuf, Achmad. 2015. Borrowing Word Translation in Digital Camera Magazine Published in Indonesia for March 2014 Edition. Jakarta: UIN Syahid. Zaidan, Abdul Rozak dkk. 2007. Kamus Istilah Sastra. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
Websites
Evans, Watera Muambu. 2014. Morphophonological Changes of Borrowed Words from English to Lubukusu Dialect of Western Kenya. Kenya: Busoga University.
http://www.academicjournals.org/journal/IJEL/article-full-text-pdf/C49CCCA44090
Wagner, Martina. 2010. Word Formation Processes: How New Words Develop in the English Language. Ms Kraft Winter.
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49 APPENDICES
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