Definition of Translation Translation Process

B. Translation

1. Definition of Translation

According to Newmark, “Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text.” 8 Based on Oxford dictionary, translation is “the process of changing something that is written or spoken into another language.” 9 Nida dan Taber explain in their book that translation is to produce comparison of target language from source language message, the first one is in meaning term and the second one is in style term. Translating consist in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in term of meaning and secondly in terms of style. 10 Nida and Taber statement above show that a translator transfers message from source language into target language, in order to make people have the same impression when read target language and source language text. And according to J.C Catford, “Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language, by equivalent textual material in 8 Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation, London: Prentice Hall, 1988, p.5. 9 A S Hornby, Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 2000 10 Eugene A. Nida and CR. Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation Lerden: E.J. Brill, 1982, p.12 another language.” 11 It means translators look for the equivalent word from source language into target language by knowing the culture both source and target texts to get the equivalent word. Based on the definition above, we can make conclusion of translation definition. First, finding the equivalent word between source and target language. Second, transferring message from source language into target language.

2. Translation Process

The process of translation can be describe as in figure below: 12 A Source B Receptor Analysis Restructuring X Transfer Y A System of translation above consist of a more elaborate procedure comprising three stages: I analysis, in which the surface structure is analyzed in terms of a the grammatical relationship and b the meanings of the words and combinations of the words, 2 transfer , in which the analyzed material is transferred in the mind of 11 J.C. Catford, Op. cit, p. 20 12 Nida and Taber, Op.cit, p. 33. the translator from language A to language B, and 3 restructuring, in which the transferred material is restructured in order to make the final message fully acceptable in the receptor language. 13 1 Analyzing When analyzing a text, the first time we should do is reading all the text that will be translated, in order to know what the writer will deliver to the reader and also to identify the difficult word and the terms. Nida and Taber explain in their book that there are three major steps in analysis. 14 “There are three major steps in analysis: I Determining the meaningful relationships between the words and combinations of words, 2 the referential meaning of the words and special combinations of words, 3 the connotative meaning i.e how the user of the language react, whether positively or negatively to the words and combinations of them.” So the first time we should analyze is the meaning of its grammatical, because the sentence with the same construction grammar will have the same meaning or different meaning, or maybe the sentence with different grammatical has the same meaning. Such as in the phrase the God of peace, it is not speaking about a peaceful God, but God who causes or produces peace. 15 13 Ibid, p. 33. 14 ibid, p. 34. 15 Ibid, p. 36. The conclusion is that the construction Noun + of + Noun can “mean” many different things, depending on what nouns are involved and what meanings we assign to them. In the other words, this construction means not one relation, but many. 2 Transferring After having completed the processes of analysis, which involve both grammatical and semantic aspects of the text, it is then essential that the result of the analysis be transferred from language A to language B, that is from the source language to the receptor language. There have personal problems in transferring message. 16 a Too much knowledge of the subject matter The translator who has too much topic knowledge when translating text is will not get good translation. Sometimes the translator forgets to the readers, so the translator translate the SL text base d on the translator’s knowledge that maybe the readers do not understand. b Taking Translationese for granted This form of language is often accepted, especially by educated nationals, as the only possible medium for communicating materials which have first been expressed in a 16 Ibid, p. 99. foreign language, so that the readers who do not understand the source language will be difficult to understand because in TL text is used many SL terms. c Insecurity about one’s own language In the first place, some national writers feel obliged to imitate the forms of other languages which they regard as having more prestige. They borrow not only words, idioms, and stylistic devices, but also grammatical forms. In the second place, insecurity in a national about his own language, so the words, idioms, and stylistic devices, but also grammatical forms forced to be written as target language text. d A desire to preserve the mystery of language Some persons, both national and foreign, genuinely fear that if the Scriptures are made fully clear, something of the mystery of religion will be lost. So that the translator keep to use source language terms in order to keep and save mystery of the words. e Wrong theological presupposition There is preference to say that the religion “A” is more in keeping the tenets than the religion “B”, for they regard the religion “B” as being essentially a dedicated document. We can emphasize the basic principle that contextual consistency is more important than verbal consistency, and that in order to preserve the content it is necessary to make certain changes in form. f Ignorance of the nature of translation The average person naively thinks that language is words, so the translators only replacing word in language “A” with a word in language “B”. That is wrong perception. The expert translators and linguists have been able to demonstrate that the individual sentence in turn is not enough. The focus should be on the paragraph, and to some extent on the total discourse. In this transferring, the translator decide to choose which ideology the translator will use foreignization or domestication, which method or what technique the translators will use from three aspects accuracy, naturalness or readibility. 3 Restructuring In structuring the message after having transferred it from the source language to the receptor language, it is essential that one consider the problems from three perspective, they are: 17 1The varieties of language or of styles which may be desirable, 2 The 17 Ibid, p. 120. essential components and characteristics of these various styles, and 3 The techniques which may be employed in producing the type of style desired. The translators should produce translation with the same as the SL text, so the readers will feel like reading the SL text. It shows that the TL text has a good translation that is easy to understand for the readers.

3. Translation Procedure