C. Borrowing
1. Definition of Borrowing
According to J. Heath in the book Concise Encyclopedia of Sociolinguistics
, “Borrowing is a form that has spread from one linguistics variety the source into another variety the target or
replica. In this sense it is nearly synonymous with loanword but a borrowing is an often really stem smaller than a word and may be a
phrase larger than a word”.
19
Victoria Fromklin and Robert Rodman said that borrowing occurs when one language adds to its own lexicon.this happened when
speakers of different language interact with another.
20
From definition above, we can summarize borrowing is taking word from other language to make easy for saying something by words
without creates words before.
2. Borrowing Factors
There are some factors why one language borrows word from other language, those will be explained below:
a. Social, Economy and Political Factors
19
Rajend Mesthrie, Consise Encyclopedia of Sociolinguistics, -in J. Heath, Borrowing, Amsterdam
–New York –Oxford-Shannon-Singapure-Tokyo: Elsevier Science Ltd, 2001, p. 432.
20
Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman, An Introduction to Language, Harcourt Brace College Publisher, 1998, p. 505
Language always changes for a lot of reason, based on place and period. Language always response to social, economic and
political pressure. It can be caused by invasions, colonization and migration.
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b. Need and Prestige Factors
Language borrows word from other language caused by need and prestige. When speakers of a language acquire new item
or concept from abroad, they need a new term to go along acquisition.
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The summarizing reasons for borrowing that have been opposites by researches in recent years:
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a. As result of the cultural dominance of the donor language.
b. To be associated with speakers of the dominant language.
c. To fill lexical gaps in a recessive language well along in the
process of shift. d.
To facilitate understanding with younger speakers who are no longer familiar with original forms of the recessive language.
e. For affect or convenience.
21
Janet Holmes, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. London Newyork: Longman, 1992, p. 22
22
Lyle Campbell. Historical Linguistics:An Introduction Edinburg University Press 1999, p. 59
23
Fedric W Field. Foreward by Bernard Comrie, Linguistic Borrowing in Bilingual Context, Amsterdam: John Benjamin Publishing Company, 1984, p. 23
3. Types of Borrowing