25 different land uses will also provide increasing varieties of income in the long run
personal observation. Seeland and Schmithusen 2002 reported that the Benuaq Dayak has combined the swidden agriculture and the use of extracted and cultivated forest
products as their basis for livelihood, which proves their understanding of resources. The land use of the Benuaq Dayak is basically a constant changing state of the
forest areas into swiddens cultivations, then into forest gardens, and then finally letting natural succession turn the areas into forest again Seeland and Schmithusen, 2002, In
general, there are five different land uses known to be used by the Benuaq Dayak: Umaq, Simpukng, Uratn, KebotnDukuh
, and Bengkar.
1.2.4.1 Umaq Paddy and Annual Crop Field
The Dayak Benuaq’s primary activities are mainly at the Umaq. The Umaq is an extensively cultivated, rain fed agriculture system that is planted with semi-wild
inventories of plants from the forest and surrounding areas. The Umaq is the first source of staple food for the tribes, with items such as paddy and sticky rice, maize, cassava,
various vegetables and sometimes fruits and fuel woods. The planting system has a typical cropping cycle of one year. The Umaq is usually cultivated for two to three years,
and then fallowed for about 5 years as an Uratn area.
1.2.4.2 Uratn or Uraaq Fallowed Field
Uratn is usually the area that used to be an Umaq area. This area is cultivated at the end of the Umaq phase. The plants consist of certain fruit and timber trees and also
wild pioneer trees that are useful for fuel woods. After its fallow time, Uratn area will become a Simpukng, Kebotn, or Bengkar area.
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1.2.4.3 Kebotn Fruit Garden around the House
Kebotn is the garden area located around the house planted with fruits, simple vegetables and medicinal plants. This area to a certain extent plays an important role as
the source of food and additional income for the household. It produces fruits and vegetables that can be sold at the local market.
1.2.4.4 Simpukng Agro-forestry Field
The Simpukng is the area that already has five or more year old plants or trees. It has many different fruit trees and other economically worthy tree species such as rubber,
pines, rattans and also timber. The Simpukng is owned by an extended family in a long house consisting of at least five to ten nuclear families. The access to the Simpukng area
is not limited to the owner only, but is open for the people who come from out side the village. They may take as many of the fruits as they need without permission as long as
they do not sell them. This area is designed for public services with certain limitations applied. At the present time, the charity function has diminished because people tend to
take more than they need in order to sell the fruits. However, people from other villages still have access to the fruits with certain permission from the owner.
1.2.4.5 Bengkar Reserved Forest Area
