22 concession activities, the deforestation rate is still high. The secondary information of
two timber concession companies in Kalimantan, implemented by the department of forestry at Bogor Agriculture University, founded in 2000, was used in the research.
These timber concession companies are HPH PT Mountrado Jaya and HPH PT Bintang Arut. These companies represent stakeholders as private companies.
Other private companies that are considered stakeholders are the agricultural plantations. The plantation is one of the most preferred in the forest areas land use
conversion after timber concessions. The research was taken from one of the palm oil plantations in West Kalimantan and based on Mangunsong dissertation information
2000. Local people that are called indigenous people are considered stakeholders as well.
Currently, approximately three million people live inside and adjacent to forest areas and depend on forest products for a substantial proportion of their livelihood Meneg PPN,
1993. The research used the Benuaq Dayak tribes that live in the East Kalimantan forests as representatives of indigenous people. This tribe was taken as a representative
because of their high dependency on the forest areas and its unique traditional cultures that affect its management of the forest areas.
1.2 The Benuaq Dayak Tribe
1.2.1 Ethnicity
The Dayak tribes are usually differentiated based on how close their area is situated to the river. The groups are defined by whether the tribes live above the river or
at river level. The Benuaq are a subgroup of the Luangan who belong to the Barito river language family and hold Hindu Kaharingan as their religion. The Hindu Kaharingan
23 religion practices secondary mortuary rites and shamanism curing rituals Seeland and
Schmithusen, 2002.
1.2.2 Social Stratification and Status
The Benuaq tribe is stratified based on social differences and marriage status. According to Seeland and Schmithusen 2002, the traditional highest stratum that refers
to community leaders and their families is called Mantiiq and the intermediate stratum is called Merentika. Currently, the traditional strata that Seeland and Schmithusen
described are difficult to be found in the tribe. Officially, the highest leader in the village is the village head, voted on by the village people and assigned officially by the
government. The village leader is mainly responsible for economic and official activities at the village level. The traditional events of the village people and the official activities
related to the traditional and cultural events are usually arranged by the head of adat personal observations.
Currently, the traditional stratum membership such as head of adat, mantiiq and merentika play less important roles and gain less status respect in daily life Seeland and
Schmithusen, 2002. According to their research, status is earned more from wealth and purely economic status symbols such as TV sets, chainsaws, boats, and motorbikes. The
village people are more respectful toward blacksmiths, shamans, successful hunters and war heroes Seeland and Schmithusen, 2002.
A family or household in the Benuaq Dayak tribe is generally composed of a married couple and their children personal observations; Seeland and Schmithusent,
2000. Since most of the Benuaq Dayak tribe people live in the long house that could consist of several households, the family can be extended to three generations.
24 According to Seeland and Schmithusen 2002, shared food is common in the long house,
but the income is mainly managed by the nuclear family or household.
1.2.3 Traditional Adat Law and Land Tenure
