H. Validity and Reliability
1. Validity
According to Anderson et. al. Burns, 1999: 161, there are five criteria of action research validity. There are democratic validity,
outcome validity, process validity, catalytic validity and dialogic validity. In this research, all of those five validity criteria were fulfilled. The
following points tell about what the researcher did to fulfill the validity. a. Democratic validity
Democratic validity was related to the participants to give their opinions related to the research that was conducted by the researcher.
To meet the democratic validity, the researcher and the collaborator cooperated from the planning step to the reflection step. Besides, the
collaborator, the teacher and the students were given chances to give any comments, suggestions or ideas related to the research to find
out the solutions of the problems which were found. b. Outcome validity
Outcome validity reflected and evaluated the result after the meeting and cycle that lead to the success within the research
context. In this case, this validity could be seen in the improvements of the students’ writing ability.
c. Process validity Process validity raised questions about dependability and
competency of the research. The researcher involved the collaborator
to observe the research by using observation checklists and field note from the planning stage to reflection stage to get the data in
determining the quality of the research and obtaining the process validity.
d. Catalytic validity Catalytic validity was criterion that allowed the participants to
deepen their understanding of the social realities of the context and how they could make changes within it. In this research, the
researcher and the collaborator were allowed to deepen their understanding towards English teaching and learning process and
conducting a research. e. Dialogic validity
Dialogic validity parallels the processes of peer review. In this case, the researcher conducted discussions with the collaborator and
English teacher related to the research. 2. Reliability
To get trustworthiness of the data, the researcher used data triangulation. According to Burns 1999: 163, triangulation is aimed to
gather multiple perspectives in the situation being studied. In this research, the researcher used three kinds of triangulation which were time
triangulation, investigator triangulation and theoretical triangulation. The explanations of the triangulation were as follows:
a. Time triangulation Time triangulation means that data are collected at one point in
time or over a period of time to get sense of what factors are involved in the change process. In this research, the researcher did
the action from April to May 2016 and had totally five meetings. b. Investigator triangulation
Investigator triangulation engages more than one person to do the research. In this case, the research was done by the researcher
with the help of the collaborator and the English teacher to avoid observer bias and to check the reliability of the data.
c. Theoretical triangulation Theoretical triangulation serves the data to be analyzed by
more than one perspective. In this researcher, the researcher analyzed and compared data collected using more than one theory by
reviewing several documents related to mind mapping technique.
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CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
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