Skimming Reading for detailed comprehension

entertain the reader, and to make the reader have the experiences same as the text about. Moreover, Clouse states that “A narration usually includes the answers to the journalist‟s questionswho, what, when, where, why, and how”. 15 It means that the narrative text should present the explanation to those questions, who was involved, what happened, when, where, why, and how it happened, in a sequential order. In addition, in some stories the author might pay attention more on different answer in different narrations. Sometimes the answer of certain question may not be found by the reader because the author may emphasize more on who was involved in the story rather than why the story happened. In other stories, the author may present more details on explaining when the story happened, in this case, the time element of the story. The purpose of a narrative, other than providing entertainment, can be to make the readers think about the issue, teach them a lesson, or excite their feelings. It means that narrative could also inform the readers about the issues and persuade to take the benefit from the story. 2. The Elements of a Narrative a. Plot Plot is defined as an author‟s careful arrangement of action happened in a narrative to achieve a desired effect. Series of actions in a narrative text are often presented in chronological order. Traditionally, plots grow out of a conflict are an internal or external struggle between the main character and an opposing force. b. Setting 15 Barbara Fine Clouse, Patterns For A Purpose: A Rhetorical Reader, New York: McGraw Hills Company, 2003, p. 162. In narrative, the author usually opens their story by telling the setting-that is, the time and the place. However, setting can be general, specific, and very detailed. Setting usually functions as more than a backdrop for a story. c. Character All stories have a character to be presented. Based on the literary term, a character is a person created for a work of fiction. In some cases, they are veiled, autobiographical version of the author or they are people the author knows or people the author has observed or overhead. d. Point of view Point of view in narrative text can be First- person by using “I”, and Third- person by using “hesheit”. First-person is not about the author, the author creates a persona or mask through which he or she tells the story. 16

3. The Schematic Structure of Narrative Text

a. Orientation This is the introductory part of the stories where the author tells the reader who is in the story, when the story takes place, and where the story is happening. Throughout this part, the reader can get the insight of what probably happens next in the story. b. Complication The part the author tells the chain of events in the story that influences what will happen in it. This is where the characters play their role. Many characters will be affected by some of the events happen in this part. c. Sequence of Event 16 Jane Bcahman Gordon and Karen Kuehner, Fiction: The Elements of the Short Story, New york McGraw-Hills company, 1999, pp. 1 —151.