the subject of the text, a series of paragraph describing the features of the subject, and concluding paragraph signaling the end section of the text.
7 Procedure
This text type presents the reader or listener how to do something. It is characterized through the existence of the instruction will guide the reader to
make something, to do something or to get somewhere. Recipes, itineraries, instruction manuals, and directions could be the examples of this text. There are
three major parts if this text namely introductory statement, list of materials, and sequence of steps.
B. Description of Narrative Text
1. The Narrative
Narrative is kind of story consisting of series of events which is constructed in a chronological order, According to Alice Oshima and Ann Hogue states that
Narration is story writing. When you write a narrative paragraph, you write about events in the order that they happen. In other words, you use time order to organize
your sentences.
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Narration or narrative is a story in the written text which are events that tells about what the story happened, time order is tell what happened first, what
happened text, what happened after that, and so on. Accroding to Siahaan and Shiroda”Narration is any written English text in which the writer wants to amuse,
entertain people, and to deal with actual or vicarious experience in different ways ”.
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A narrative not only about an events ended with what the story happened but also narrative is an event which the writer have the purposes to make aninteresting text, to
13
Alice Oshima and Ann Hogue, Introduction to Academic WritingThird Edition, White Plains: Longman, 2007, p. 24.
14
Sanggam Siahaan Kisno Shiroda, Generic Structure Text, Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu, 2008, p. 73.
entertain the reader, and to make the reader have the experiences same as the text about.
Moreover, Clouse states that “A narration usually includes the answers to the journalist‟s questionswho, what, when, where, why, and how”.
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It means that the narrative text should present the explanation to those questions, who was involved,
what happened, when, where, why, and how it happened, in a sequential order. In addition, in some stories the author might pay attention more on different answer in
different narrations. Sometimes the answer of certain question may not be found by the reader because the author may emphasize more on who was involved in the story
rather than why the story happened. In other stories, the author may present more details on explaining when the story happened, in this case, the time element of the
story. The purpose of a narrative, other than providing entertainment, can be to make
the readers think about the issue, teach them a lesson, or excite their feelings. It means that narrative could also inform the readers about the issues and persuade to
take the benefit from the story.
2.
The Elements of a Narrative
a. Plot
Plot is defined as an author‟s careful arrangement of action happened in a narrative to achieve a desired effect. Series of actions in a narrative text are often
presented in chronological order. Traditionally, plots grow out of a conflict are an internal or external struggle between the main character and an opposing
force. b.
Setting
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Barbara Fine Clouse, Patterns For A Purpose: A Rhetorical Reader, New York: McGraw Hills Company, 2003, p. 162.
