b. Diagnostic Assessments
Diagnostic instrument may test specific skills, such as a test of phonemic segmentation or a test reading fluency. Others, like an informal Reading
Inventory, are more comprehensive and test may areas of reading ability.
c. Monitoring Assessment
Monitoring assessment sometimes calledformative assessment, are done to see if a child‟s instruction is “on track.” The range from informal observation to formal
probes. Monitoring assessment is advisable be designed with end-of-year assessment to make sure all students are learning what they will be expected to
know. Because of monitoring assessment may be done at regular intervals-every month or every quarter for most students, but more often for students who seem
to have greater difficulty learning.
d. Outcomes-Based Assessment
Outcomes-based assessment also referred to as grade-level reading standards- based assessment;
because the desire outcomes of a year‟s teaching are reflected in each state‟s learning standards. Those skills include phonemic awareness,
phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension.
9.
Text Types
English text can be divided into two major text types, they are:
12
a. Literary Text
The text types used to express human experiences in an imaginative way are classified as literary texts. These texts are aimed to entertain the readers. The
main literary text types are: 1
Narratives The aim of the narrative text is to tell a story or relate the event and providing the
entertainment to the audience. In the narrative can be make the audience think about an issue, teach them the lesson, or excite their emotions. Narrative can be
presented as written or spoken texts. If the narrator is one of the characters of the story, the story is usually told inthe first person. If a person outside the story is
the narrator, then the story is being told in the third person. 2
Poems This text types express people‟s feelings and impressions about life. Poems may
tell a vivid description of story. The aim of this text is to des cribe someone‟s
point of view about something through thought-provoking images. Ballads, haiku, limericks, sonnets, song lyrics, and chinqua
pins are some examples of poetic texts. Some of them may be written by using sound patterns and rhythm.
3 Dramas
Ideas and expression of life may sometimes be expressed through a drama. Drama can be spoken and written. The actors may have set libels to be performed
or even improvised. These lines are usually constructed in the form of a dramatic text, sometimes we call as a script. The examples of dramatic texts include: film
12
Mark Anderson and Kathy Anderson, Text Type In English, South Yarra: Macmillan Education Australia, 1998, pp. 2
—28.
Kategori