the researcher formulated those models into five main steps. The first step is Information Collecting Analysis that is important to identify the students‟ needs
and the detail information of the curriculum. At this step the researcher collects information about teacher‟s and students‟ problem faced in teaching and learning
process of speaking, then identify the source of problem and determine significant and possible problems to solve. The next step is Planning which is identifying
instructional goals and course content. It deals with the learning objectives, assessment instruments, exercises, content, subject matter analysis, lesson
planning, and teaching media. The third step is development. It is the process of developing learning model. It consists of three stages of research design from
Borg Gall cycle, namely develop preliminary form of product, preliminary field testing, and main product revision. The materials are written and produced based
on specifications gained during the design phase. The goal is to generate the lesson plans and the materials. During this phase, the product is developed.
The next step is Main Field Testing that is the process of implementing the product to the participants. While the implementation occurred, the result of
the designed learning model is evaluated. In this step, the researcher also distributed the questionnaire to the participants. The last step is Evaluation, in
which the process evaluating the product to gain the best version of the product. It is to determine how successful the instructional design package is effective to
facilitate the learning process. It is a step in which the researcher evaluated and revised the learning model after getting feedback from the participants and also
from the experts. Furthermore, the researcher then revised the design to produce the final version or the iconic model of the Android application learning model.
By implementing Android application to learn speaking, the students will have more opportunities to practice speaking. The mobile learning is also
implemented in the classroom by using the Android application. The features in the application facilitate students to learn speaking skills.
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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter aims at discussing research methodology to qualify the use of technique and method in response to the kind of research so that the researcher
can meet the goal of the study. This chapter presents the research method, research design, research setting and participants, data collection technique, and
data analysis technique.
A. Research Method
This research concerns with developing a mobile learning model of Android application for Senior High School students grade XI. The method
implemented in this study was Research and Development R D which focused on developing educational product. Educational RD is defined as a process used
to develop an educational products such as learning model Gall, Gall, Borg, 2003: 569. Moreover, the goal of R D is to take the research knowledge and
incorporate it into a product that can be used in school. Borg and Gall 1963 also described that R D is a research method which consists of a cycle in which a
version of the product is developed, implemented, field tested and revised on the basis of the field-test data. There are ten major steps in R D cycle, those are 1
research and information collecting, 2 planning, 3 develop preliminary form of product, 4 preliminary field-testing, 5 main product revision, 6 main field-
testing, 7 operational product revision, 8 operational field-testing, 9 final product revision, and 10 dissemination and implementation. Due to some
limitation, only the seven stages out the ten major stages will be conducted in this study, namely 1 research and information collecting, 2 planning, 3 develop
preliminary form of product, 4 preliminary field-testing, 5 main product revision, 6 main field-testing, 7 final product revision.
Instructional design was used to guide the researcher to conduct the research. Berger and Kam 1996 define instructional design as the systematic
development of instructional theory to ensure the quality of instruction. It is used as the process to analyze the learning needs and goals and the development of a
delivery system to meet those needs. In this study, the researcher implemented ADDIE’s instructional design model. ADDIE is an abbreviation that represents
the steps of instructional design, namely 1 Analyze, 2 Design, 3 Develop, 4 Implement, and 5 Evaluate. Roger 2002 develops ADDIE model into those
five steps. These steps provide dynamic and flexible guidelines which are used for effective and efficient instruction.
Therefore, the researcher combined both research method of R D cycle and ADDIE Model. The research model can be seen in the following table.
Table 3.1. The Combined Model of Borg Gall R D and ADDIE Model Borg Gall 1983
ADDIE Model The Combined Model
Research and information collecting
Analysis Information Collecting:
- Literature study
- Needs analysis
Planning Design
Planning: -
Determining the topics in the syllabus
- Defining the learner indicators
- Selecting the appropriate
materials -
Designing the research instruments
Develop preliminary form of product
Development Development:
- Developing materals
- Developing a flowchart and a
storyboard -
Developing application using App Inventor
- Building the application inyo
.apk file format and trying it out through a mobile phone
Preliminary field testing -
Expert Validation -
User Validation Main Product Revision
- Revising the product
Preliminary field testing
Main product revision
Main field testing Implementation
Main Field Testing: -
Implementing the product to the users
Operational Product Revision
Evaluation Evaluation:
- Revising the product to be a
final version of the product According to the above table, the researcher combined the R D model
proposed by Borg and Gall and ADDIE model. The objective of combining those two models was to obtain the appropriate model for this research. Therefore, the
researcher formulated those models into five main steps, namely: 1 Information Collecting, 2 Planning, 3 Development, 4 Main Field Testing, and 5
Evaluation. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
B. Research Design
This research used the steps in the combined model of the R D model and the ADDIE model. The first step was Information Collecting Analyze. In
this stage, the researcher conducted literature study and needs analysis to gather the information in relation on the students’ needs. The objective was to specify the
product to be made and to collect the information in developing the product. The researcher studied some literatures related to the research field and also some
documents related to the research target, including the curriculum and syllabus to get knowledge for the product development. The need analysis was conducted by
observing the teaching and learning process in the classroom, interviewing English teacher and the students, and also distributing questionnaire to the
students. The goal of the observation was to analyze problems and needs of learning, while interview and distributing questionnaires were conducted to gather
the useful information about their opinions and expectations toward the English teaching and learning process of speaking.
The next step was Planning Design. After gaining the data needed from the literature study and needs analysis, the researcher then designed the learning
media by determining the topics in the syllabus, defining the learners’ indicators, selecting the appropriate materials, and designing the research instruments
blueprint of questionnaire and interview guideline. The researcher determined the topics as the contents of the application by analyzing the syllabus from the
competency standards and basic competences of English learning in Senior High School Grade XI. Borg and Gall 1983 state that the objectives of the lesson is
important in the process of learning and it is the best basic to develop the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
instructional materials until it met the appropriate demand of the objectives based on the standard competency and basic competence. Then the researcher derived
the learning indicators from those topics. They were used as the guidelines in determining the appropriate materials. Since the final result of this research was
an educational product, the researcher developed some instruments to collect useful information from the development of the product. The instruments were
questionnaires and interviews. Before the researcher developed the instruments, the researcher designed blueprints and interview guidelines to give clear
description on how the theories supported the research. The third step was Development. In this stage, it consists of three stages
of research design from Borg and Gall cycle, namely develop preliminary form of product, preliminary field-testing, and main product revision. In developing
preliminary form of product, the researcher began to develop the application. In develop preliminary form of product, it consists of developing materials, a
flowchart and a storyboard, application using App Inventor, building the application into .apk file format, and trying it out through a mobile phone. In
preliminary field-testing, it required expert verification to analyze the product, thus this phase was called as expert validation. A stated by Borg 1983, this step
provides a qualitative evaluation of the product. The researcher gathered the data from experts and users using the instruments questionnaires and interviews. The
aim was to validate the product and to get useful feedback in the form of opinions, comments, suggestions, or critics on the product as an evaluation for the
improvements of the product. As stated by Latif 2007 in the process of validation, qualitative data from experts’ judgment were collected and used as the
