Review of Related Studies

Figure 2.6. Figure of Theoretical Framework of the Research Figure 2.6 describes the development framework that speaking skill, M- Learning and MALL, and Android App Inventor are the basic of theoretical model that applied with the combined model of Borg and Gall R D and ADDIE Instructional design. The combined model that consists of some stages is used as the guide to create the iconic model. As the main concern of this research focuses on speaking, the theory of speaking will help the researcher to understand the principle supporting in this Speaking Skill M-Learning MALL Android APP Inventor Theoretical Model Information Collection Analysis Planning Design Development Revision Main Field Testing Implementation Evaluation Experts Validation Users Validation Revision Iconic Model study. This also related to the principle of teaching speaking for Senior High School which will be the subject of the study used by the researcher. The theory defines the aim of teaching speaking skills which should be in accordance with standard of competence and basic competency as stated in the standard of graduation competency. By considering the basic competency of speaking, the researcher should be able to know the scope of speaking materials that will be used in designing the learning materials in this study. Since mobile technology has grown rapidly in educational sector, it creates new opportunities in improving learning experience of studenrs at all levels of education. Furthermore, the use of mobile technologies has supported the implementation of Mobile Learning M-Learning. Therefore, the researcher intends to utilize the mobile device as a learning media to support the students‟ speaking skills by developing a learning tool using Android application that are appropriate for their learning needs. In developing the android application, it should be based on the principles of m-learning proposed by Elias 2011. Those principles are: 1 equitable use, 2 flexible use, 3 simple and intuitive, 4 perceptible information, 5 tolerance of error, 6 low physical and technical effort, 7 community of learners and support, and 8 instructional climate. In addition, the development of the application should consider to the principles of MALL proposed by Stockwell and Hubbard 2013. Those ten principles are 1 mobile activities, tasks, and applications should distinguish both the affordances and limitations of the mobile devices and the affordances and limitations of the environment in which the device will be used; 2 limiting multi-tasking and environmental distractions. Many people are not good at multi-tasking which can cause stress levels, errors, and lower productivity; 3 pushing, but respecting boundaries; 4 is striving to maintain equity; 5 acknowledging and planning for accommodating language learner differences; 6 being aware of language learners‟ existing uses and cultures of use for their devices; 7 keeping mobile language learning activities and tasks short and brief when possible; 8 letting the language learning task fit the technology and environment, and vice versa; 9 some or possibly most learners need guidance and training to effectively use mobile devices for language learning; 10 recognizing and accommodating multiple stakeholders. Those principles can be used as guidance to design and develop the mobile application which is in line with the learner needs, and the context where the mobile assisted language learning is implemented. After considering those principles, the researcher then developed the Android application by using App Inventor. The consideration why the researcher using App Inventor because it is easy to operate for those who have no knowledge of programming language. App Inventor is a web-based tool developed by MIT and Google that allow users to build Android apps via visual, block-based development environment without any knowledge of programming language Bhagi, 2012. After the concept of theories of speaking, M-Learning and MALL and Android APP Inventor were gathered, the researcher then used the theoretical model in conducting the research. In this case, the Android application is then developed through some stages. This study used the combined model of Borg Gall R D and ADDIE instructional design model. The objective of combining those two models was to obtain the appropriate model for this research. Therefore, the researcher formulated those models into five main steps. The first step is Information Collecting Analysis that is important to identify the students‟ needs and the detail information of the curriculum. At this step the researcher collects information about teacher‟s and students‟ problem faced in teaching and learning process of speaking, then identify the source of problem and determine significant and possible problems to solve. The next step is Planning which is identifying instructional goals and course content. It deals with the learning objectives, assessment instruments, exercises, content, subject matter analysis, lesson planning, and teaching media. The third step is development. It is the process of developing learning model. It consists of three stages of research design from Borg Gall cycle, namely develop preliminary form of product, preliminary field testing, and main product revision. The materials are written and produced based on specifications gained during the design phase. The goal is to generate the lesson plans and the materials. During this phase, the product is developed. The next step is Main Field Testing that is the process of implementing the product to the participants. While the implementation occurred, the result of the designed learning model is evaluated. In this step, the researcher also distributed the questionnaire to the participants. The last step is Evaluation, in which the process evaluating the product to gain the best version of the product. It is to determine how successful the instructional design package is effective to facilitate the learning process. It is a step in which the researcher evaluated and revised the learning model after getting feedback from the participants and also from the experts. Furthermore, the researcher then revised the design to produce the final version or the iconic model of the Android application learning model.