students and also distributing questionnaire to the students. The goal of the observation was to analyse problems and needs of learning, while interview and
distributing questionnaires were conducted to gather the useful information about their opinions and expectations toward the English teaching and learning process
of speaking. The next step was Planning Design. It identifies the instructional goals
and course content. It deals with the learning objectives, assessment instruments, exercises, content, subject matter analysis, lesson planning, and teaching media.
The third step was Development. In this stage, it consists of three stages of research design from Borg and Gall cycle, namely develop preliminary form of
product, preliminary field-testing, and main product revision. The development stage is the process of developing learning model. The materials are written and
produced based on specifications gained during the design phase. The goal is to generate the lesson plans and the materials. During this phase, the product is
developed.. The next step was Main Field Testing Implementation which is the
process of implementing the product to the participants. While the implementation occurred, the result of the designed learning model is evaluated. In this step, the
researcher also distributed the questionnaire to the participants. The implementation should cover the delivery of course overview, learning materials,
and exercises. Preparation of the learners included training them on downloading the Android application. After implementing the product, then the researcher
distributed questionnaires and conducted interview with some students to investigate the students‟ responses or feedback toward the product.
The last step was Evaluation in which the process evaluating the product to gain the best version of the product. This is in line with the operational product
revision proposed by Borg and Gall cycle. In this stage, the researcher revised the product as suggested by main field-testing. The researcher distributed
questionnaires and interview the research participants about the response to get some feedback and responses toward the product. Furthermore, the researcher
then revised the design to produce the final version of the Android application- learning model.
B. Review of Related Studies
This section aims at reviewing previous studies related to the current study. There are several studies found that developing android application is
effectively useful to be implemented in educational environment. The studies were conducted in different settings in which English is regarded as either second
language or foreign language. The studies are described as follows. First, a study conducted by Nakaya Murota 2013 which developed an
Android application that can be used by the learners to talk whenever and wherever they want. The research participants were bachelor and master course
students who have already learned all basic grammar, but tend to be reluctant to speak Eng
lish. The result of the study showed that the “Interactive English Conversation” style worked well in making the learners became more relaxed
during conversation and motivated to speak English after seven days of learning with the application. As stated by Cheng, Hwang, Wu, Shadiev, and Xie, 2010 in
Nakaya Murota 2013, they proposed a mobile and online system that enables learners to practice collaborate activities to improve their speaking.
The second research is conducted by Lee., Hsu K., Shih R 2014. The researchers investigated the effects of implementing a ubiquitous multimedia
message-transmitting platform CU- Message on college students‟ English
learning. The findings of this study revealed that CU-Message application on mobile English learning, learning content for mobile English learning, practical
use of CU-Message, user satisfaction with learning achievements, use of digital learning materials, and user‟s attitude toward learning language. The CU-
Message system can be effectively utilized for English learning. Another study conducted by Martono Nurhayati 2014 developed m-
learning that can be used as flexible learning media. The result showed that almost 95 of university students enjoyed using the application of mobile learning as a
learning media because it was accordance with the learners‟ need. Then, the other study conducted by Hanafi Samsudin 2012. This study was undertaken to
investigate the impact of such an environment enabled by Android platform on the learning process among undergraduate students. Data were collected through a
survey involving 56 respondents and analysed using SPSS 12.0. The findings of this study showed that the respondents were very receptive to the interactivity,
accessibility, and convenience of the system. The recent studies that have the same topic with this research are carried
out by other students of English Languange Studies of Sanata Dharma University, sponsored by SEAMOLEC Southeast Asian Minister of Education Regional
Open Learning Center. First, Martanti 2015 designed an m-learning model PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Android application to learn English listening comprehension for grade X students, namely FLAP Fun Listening Android Application. The findings of the
research showed that the Android application was considered acceptable by the mean score of 0.9 out of 2 and beneficial to help students in learning listening
since it was in line with the principles proposed by Elias 2011. The other SEAMOLEC students, a study conducted by Rochmawati 2015, which
discovering the functionality of an Android application, namely AFORN to enhance students‟ speaking skill. The result presented that the application was
appropriate for nursing students to enhance their speaking skill since it provides meaningful activities, such as Vocabulary, Useful Expression, Tasks, and
Pronunciation Drill. Another study conducted by SEAMOLEC students was carried out by Aditya 2016. He developed an Android application for the
midwifery students as a supplementary material to improve the students‟ speaking competence, namely SPEAK APP. The application provided dialogues and
monologues audio, speech sounds, exercises of discourse, and speaking projects to improve speaking competence for students.
The previous studies expand the researcher‟s point of view in developing the designed an Android application learning model. It was stated that learning
environment using mobile technology could improve the students‟ performance and confidence since the application is fun, interesting, accessibility, flexible and
easy to utilize. The use of Android-based application that equipped with interesting activities such audio, recording, video, pictures, and various kinds of
tasks will be more effective experience for students‟ learning speaking. By reviewing those studies, the researcher tries to explore more in developing the
learning model. This study is intended to develop a learning model which focused on the practice of students‟ speaking skill using Android application. The users of
this learning model will be the Grade XI students‟ of Senior High School. In developing the learning model, the researcher uses ADDIE model proposed by
Roger 2002.
C. Theoretical Framework
This section links the theories discussed in the previous sub chapters and describes the relationship in supporting this research. This aims at acquiring the
major research questions of the research, which was presenting the Android application-
learning model to support the grade XI students‟ speaking skill. The following figure is the construct mapping and design model in conducting this
research. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Figure 2.6. Figure of Theoretical Framework of the Research
Figure 2.6 describes the development framework that speaking skill, M- Learning and MALL, and Android App Inventor are the basic of theoretical model
that applied with the combined model of Borg and Gall R D and ADDIE Instructional design. The combined model that consists of some stages is used as
the guide to create the iconic model. As the main concern of this research focuses on speaking, the theory of
speaking will help the researcher to understand the principle supporting in this
Speaking Skill
M-Learning MALL
Android APP Inventor
Theoretical Model
Information Collection Analysis
Planning Design
Development Revision
Main Field Testing Implementation
Evaluation
Experts Validation
Users Validation
Revision
Iconic Model
