thesis used the utterances spoken by Indonesia‟s Marine and Fishery Affairs
Minister Susi Pudjiastuti in Mata Najwa.
B. REVIEW OF RELATED THEORIES
1. Bilingualism
Bilingualism is the ability to speak two languages. According to Weinreich 1968: 1, the practice of alternately using two languages will be called
bilingualism, and the person involved, bilingual Hoffman, 1991: 15. Spolsky stated that the simplest definition of a bilingual is a person who has some
functional abilities in a second language 2010: 45. Since there are many languages in the world, the ability to speak more than one language becomes a
common phenomenon. As stated by Wardhaugh: In many parts of the world it is just normal requirement of daily living that
people speak several languages: perhaps one or more at home, another in the village, still another for purposes of trade, and yet another contact with
the outside world of wider social or political organization Wardhaugh, 1992: 98.
Dealing with the bilingualism, the ability to speak more than one language causes the mixing of languages in conversation. This phenomenon is known as
code-mixing or the process of mixing two or more codes. However, code mixing and bilingualism are related to each other, as stated by Cantone:
Language mixing is said to occur when the bilingual as in a bilingual situation, hence when interacting with other bilinguals. In this situation,
both languages will be fully activated and will therefore lead to language mixing, for example, code-switching, or borrowing 2007: 55.
However, that statement is also proved by Hamers Blanc that bilingualism refers equally to the state of a linguistic community in which two
languages are in contact with the result that two codes can be used in the same interaction 1989:6.
2. Code Mixing and Code Switching
Code is particular dialect or language that a person chooses to use on any occasion, a system used for communication between two or more parties
Wardhaugh, 1992: 103. Code is a system of speech used to deliver the message from one speaker to other speakers. The use of code is related to the background
of the speaker, the relation of the speaker to address and the situation. Bilinguals can actually choose the code they want to use. This situation,
then, allows people to shift from one code to another at the same time. The switches and mixes of code in conversation come up because of the ability to use
more than one code. Wardaugh stated that people are usually required to select a particular code whenever they choose to speak, and they may also decide to
switch from one code to another or to mix codes even within sometimes very short utterance 2010: 98.
Dealing with code switching and code mixing, people sometimes got confused with how to differentiate both of them. Code switching involves the
alternate use of two languages or linguistics varieties within the same utterance or during the same conversation Hoffman, 1991: 110. According to Wardhaugh,
there are two kinds of code switching or code mixing: situational and metaphorical.
Situational code switching occurs when the language used change according to the situations in which the conversant find themselves: they
speak one language in one situation and another in different one. No topic change is involved. When a change topic requires a change in the language
used we have metaphorical code switching Wardhaugh, 1992: 106.
Redlinger and Park 1980: 339 wrote: language mixing refers to the combining of elements from two languages in a single utterance Hoffman, 1991: 105. Those
theories show that both of code mixing and code switching has the same concept. The use of code switching in a conversation sometimes requires the use of code
mixing. This statement is also proved by Hoffman, switches occurring at the lexical level within a sentence intra-
sentential switches are referred to as „code- mixes‟ and „code-mixing‟ 1991: 104.
McLaughlin 1984 also emphasizes the distinction between mixing and switching by referring to code-switches as language changes occurring across
phrase and sentence boundaries, whereas code-mixes take place within sentence and usually involve single lexical items Hoffman, 1991: 110. According to
Holmes, some people call the kind of rapid switching as code mixing, but he prefers the term metaphorical switching. Holmes on his book an Introduction to
Sociolinguistics also stated: Code mixing suggests the speaker is mixing codes indiscriminately or
perhaps because of incompetence, whereas the switches are very well- motivated in relation to the symbolic or social meanings of the two codes
2001: 42.
According to Holmes, code mixing occurs because of the incompetence of the speaker or, because the speaker masters more than one language, the speaker
mixes two or more codes randomly. Code switching occurs because the speaker PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
requires good control of both codes. By switching two or more codes, the speaker conveys affective meaning as well as information.
As stated before, the phenomenon of code mixing is the result of bilingualism occurs in society. The ability to speak more than one language
influences the way people to communicate to each other. The code that is used by the speaker depends on some factors, such as participant, topic, or place. Hoffman
stated that: In an informal speech conversation between people who are familiar with
each other and have a shared educational ethnic and social-economic background, code switching can occur quite frequently. On the other hand,
in a formal speech situation between persons who have little in common code-switches may be avoided because factors relating to prestige,
language loyality and formality influence the language behavior in such a way as to concentrate the mind of the speaker on trying to approximate or
keep to monolingual standards 1991: 113.
3. Borrowing
