examples “bread and butter, get away with murder, salt and pepper” Rinakit, 2012: 13. There are examples of idiom and collocation insertion:
Kita harus menunggu at least satu jam lagi. We have to wait at least an hour.
Itu adalah the biggest mistake yang pernah ku lakukan. It was the biggest mistake I that ever did
e. Reduplication
Reduplication means repeating the word, phrase or sentence by using different code without changes the meaning. There is an example of reduplication
in a sentence: Thank you, terima kasih atas bantuannya.
Thank you, thank you for your helps. The italic word has the same meaning with the word terima kasih. The speaker
mixes the languages by using the different word which has same meaning.
5. Reasons for Code Mixing
According to Hoffman 1991:115-116, there are several reasons of using code mixing that are described as follows:
a. Talking about Particular Topic
People prefer to talk about particular topic using languages they mastered. Sometimes, people switch the language because of the lack of
competence; they cannot find an appropriate word in that language so they use another language to deliver the message. As stated by Hoffman:
Talking about particular topic may cause a switch, either because of lack of facility in the relevant register or because certain items trigger off
various connotations which are linked to experiences in a particular language 1991:115.
Here is an example taken from Grosjean 1982: A French-English bilingual:
„Va chercher Marc go and fetch Marc and bribe him avec un chocolat chaud with a hot chocholate with cream on top.
‟ Hoffman, 1991: 111
b. Quoting Somebody Else
In this case, code mixing is used to quote somebody else‟s statement. People sometimes like to quote a famous expression or saying of some well-
known figures. The quotation can be words, phrases, sentences or utterances. Here is the example of quotation taken from Calsamiglia and Tuson 1984:115:
An adult Spanish-Catalan bilingual: „… y si dices “perdon” en castellano, se te vuelve la mujer y te dice:‟ „…
and if you say “sorry” in Castilan Spanish, the lady turns to you and says:‟
„en catala‟ „in Catalan‟ Hoffman, 1991: 112
c. Being Emphatic about Something
In some cases, code mixing is used when the speaker wants to be emphatic about something or expressing something forcibly and clearly. People often
intentionally or unintentionally use code mixing by switching from the one PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
language to another language to be emphatic about something. Here is the example taken from Ibid 115:
A Spanish-Catalan bilingual: „Hay cuatro sillas rotas y‟ „There are four brouken chair and‟
Prou ‟ „that‟s enough‟
Hoffman, 1991: 112 The italic word shows that the speaker switches the language to show the
emphatic utterance. The speaker shows the strong expression to emphasize the important point of the sentence.
d. Repetition Used for Clarification
As stated in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, repetition is the fact
of doing or saying the same thing many times. Hornby, 2010:1294 Repetition is used to clarify someone‟s speech so the listener will be more understand the
utterances. The example is taken from Silva-Corvalan 1989: 181: An adult Spanish-English bilingual:
„Tenia zapatos blancos, un poco, they were off-white, you know.‟ Hoffman, 1991: 112
e. Express Group Identity
Code mixing can also be used to express group identity and solidarity with such a group. In some cases, in order to be accepted in a particular group, speakers have
to switch the language. Hewitt 1982 indicates that even members of majority groups in this case, young whites in London may switch into Jamaican Creole
in order to be accepted by particular group cited by Hoffman, 1991: 116.Hewitt PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
stated that for the white boys, creole signifies toughness, street credibility and adolescent solidarity. Here the example given by Hewitt 1968: 94 which shows
white working-class teenagers in south London mixes the languages by using London Jamaican Creole:
White boy: Oh Royston, ya goin‟ football on Saturday?
Black boy: Mi na go football Who for?
White boy: Check some gyal later.
Black boy: Na. Mi wan check gyal now.
White boy: Rasschlaht Fink ya bent.
Maybin, 2005: 24 f.
Interjection According to Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, interjection means a
short sound, word or phrase spoken suddenly to express an emotion, such as Oh, Look out, Ow, Oops Hornby, 2010:814. Here is the example of interjection
taken from Silva-Corvalan 1989: 185: An adult Spanish-American English speaker:
„...Oh Ay It was embarrasing It was very nice, though, but I was embarrased.‟
Hoffman, 1991: 112 From the example we can see that „Ay‟ is an expression that has no grammatical
meaning in the sentence. Though interjection has no grammatical value, people use them quite often. It might be because interjections are kind of expression to
convey surprise, to show a strong emotion, or to gain attention. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
g. Clarifying the Speech Content for the Interlocutor
In a conversation between two or more bilinguals, there must be a lot of code mixing occurred. The code mixing not only occurs in a conversation as a
single word, idiom, or sentence, but also at phonological level. Hoffman gives an example of conversation when the speaker changes the pronunciation:
Cristina 4:0: introducing her younger brother to a new friend of hers. „This is Pascal‟ [paskwal]
Friend: „What‟s his name?‟ i.e she didn‟t catch it Cristina: „Pascual‟ [pəskwæɫ ]
Friend: „Oh…‟
Hoffman, 1991: 112 On the example above, the first speaker changes Pascal into Spanish
pronunciation; the vowel sounds from [a] to „schwa‟ or [ə] and also [a] into [æ]. Hoffman explain that the consonants also change from initial unaspirated to
aspirated [p
h
] and from non-velarized to velarized [ ɫ ], to follow a more English
pattern. Hoffman, 1991: 112
C. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
