The Teachers Research Benefits

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the literature review of the study. It is divided into three parts, namely the theoretical description, review of related studies, and theoretical framework. The theoretical description focuses on the relevant theories underlying the study. The review of related studies discusses some studies which are related to the study. Meanwhile, the theoretical framework focuses on answering the problem formulation of the study based on the theoretical description which is used as the guideline.

A. Theoretical Description

This part explains some theoretical principles which underline the design of the listening materials. Those theoretical principles are the theory of instructional design, task-based language teaching, listening, and school-based curriculum. The explanation about those theories will be described as follows.

1. Theory of Instructional Design

This study needs a guideline in designing English listening materials for eighth graders of SMP Negeri 2 Yogyakarta. Therefore, the theory of instructional design is needed to support the designing process. According to Reigeluth 1999, “An instructional design theory is a theory that offers explicit guidance on how to better help people learn and develop ” p. 5. In addition, Gagne and Briggs 10 1979 state that, “Instruction is a set of events which affects learners in such a way and support learners to develop in their own direction” p. 3. Therefore, the ideas proposed by Reigeluth and Gagne and Briggs about instructional design theory, strengthens the writer to construct an instructional design model as the guidance in helping the writer to have a good designing process. Since the instructional design model is various, the writer applies two of the models, namely Kemp’s instructional design model and Yalden’s instructional design model. Those two instructional design models are considered by the writer having similar phases and completing each other. Thus, both Kemp’s and Yalden’s design models become the principles of designing the listening materials. However, although the writer uses Kemp’s and Yalden’s design models as the principles in designing the listening materials, the writer also uses Kalman, Kemp, Morrison and Ross’ design model to support Kemp’s and Yalden’s design models. The writer finds Kalman, Kemp, Morrison and Ross 2011, pp. 14-17 share the same idea with Kemp and Yalden.

a. Kemp’s Instructional Design Model

Kemp has a concept that the designing process can be started from any phase and it is possible to go back and forth to the other phases. Besides, Kemp’s model can be applied in all levels of education Kemp, 1977: 8-9. The application of the Kemp’s model can be used in elementary school, secondary school, or even college. Thus, the writer becomes more confident to use Kemp’s instructional design model in designing listening materials for junior high school of SMP Negeri 2 Yogyakarta as it has two strengths which are mentioned above.